SynthesisNeuroImage. Clinical2020
CSF enhancement on post-contrast fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images; a systematic review.
Synthesis in NeuroImage. Clinical, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hyperintense acute reperfusion marker and gadolinium leakage in ocular structures in stroke: a systematic review.Neuroradiology · 2025Pooled it
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers for Diagnosis and the Prognostication of Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- An evaluation of perivascular space burden and contrast enhancement on 7T MRI in multiple sclerosis.Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · 2025Article
- In Vivo Imaging of Blood-Brain Barrier Leakage Using a Contrast Agent in Patients With Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy: An Exploratory Study.Neurology · 2025Observational
- MAPK signaling and angiopoietin-2 contribute to endothelial permeability in capillary malformations.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Preoperative brain volume loss is associated with postoperative delirium in advanced heart failure patients supported by left ventricular assist device.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- High efficacy therapy to prevent the formation of meningeal tertiary lymphoid organs after CXCL13 index screening in early multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Article
- Diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced T2-FLAIR MRI in the detection of meningitis.SA journal of radiology · 2025Article
- Late/delayed gadolinium enhancement in MRI after intravenous administration of extracellular gadolinium-based contrast agents: is it worth waiting?Magma (New York, N.Y.) · 2024Review
- Meningeal contrast enhancement in multiple sclerosis: assessment of field strength, acquisition delay, and clinical relevance.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Meningeal contrast enhancement in multiple sclerosis: Assessment of field strength, acquisition delay, and clinical relevance.PloS one · 2024Observational
- A pilot trial of ocrelizumab for modulation of meningeal enhancement in multiple sclerosis.Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · 2024Article
- Neuroinflammation in the Evolution of Motor Function in Stroke and Trauma Patients: Treatment and Potential Biomarkers.Current issues in molecular biology · 2023Review
- Prospective T1 mapping to assess gadolinium retention in brain after intrathecal gadobutrol.Neuroradiology · 2023Article
- Application of magnetic resonance imaging-related techniques in the diagnosis of sepsis-associated encephalopathy: present status and prospect.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Review
- Article
- Review
- Review
- The Clinical Significance of the Hyperintense Acute Reperfusion Marker Sign in Subacute Infarction Patients.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) enhancement on T2-weighted post-contrast fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (pcT2wFLAIR) images is a relatively unknown neuroradiological marker for gadolinium-based contrast agent extravasation due to blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. We systematically reviewed human studies reporting on CSF enhancement on pcT2wFLAIR images to provide a comprehensive overview of prevalence of this new biomarker in healthy and diseased populations as well as its etiology and optimal detection methodology. We extracted information on the prevalence of CSF enhancement, its vascular risk factor and neuroimaging correlates, and methodological attributes of each study. Forty-four eligible studies were identified. By pooling data, we found that the prevalence of CSF enhancement was 82% (95% confidence interval (CI) 80-89) in meningitis (4 studies, 65 patients), 73% (95%CI 62-81) in cases with (post-) acute intracerebral hemorrhage (2 studies, 77 cases), 64% (95% CI 54-73) in cases who underwent surgery for aneurysm treatment (2 studies, 99 patients), 40% (95% CI 30-51) in cases who underwent surgery for carotid artery disease treatment (3 studies, 76 patients), 27% (95% CI 25-30) in cases with acute ischemic stroke (9 studies, 1148 patients), 21% (95% CI 17-23) in multiple sclerosis (6 studies, 897 patients), and 13% (95% CI 7-21) in adult controls (4 studies, 112 cases). Presence of CSF enhancement was associated with higher age in eleven studies, with lobar cerebral microbleeds in one study, and with cerebral atrophy in four studies. PcT2wFLAIR imaging represents a promising method that can provide novel perspectives on BBB leakage into CSF compartments, with the potential to reveal important new insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of varying neurological diseases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.