ArticleEpidemiology and infection2020
Risk factors for an infection with
Article in Epidemiology and infection, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluation of seroprevalence and risk factors for Q fever (Open veterinary journal · 2026Article
- Spatial Modelling of Environmental Risk Factors Influencing Schmallenberg Virus Exposure in German Sheep.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2026Article
- Combination of serology and PCR analysis of environmental samples to assessApplied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- Real-time PCR detection of Coxiella burnetii in dairy products in Kwara State, Nigeria: a public health concern.BMC veterinary research · 2025Article
- Risk factors influencing Coxiella burnetii seropositivity in water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) populations of Egypt's Nile Delta.PloS one · 2025Article
- Two Years afterAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Serological Evidence of Q Fever among Dairy Cattle and Buffalo Populations in the Campania Region, Italy.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Seroprevalence and Risk Factors ofAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Article
- Q Fever: A troubling disease and a challenging diagnosis.Clinical microbiology newsletter · 2021Article
- Large Farm Animals Used for Research Purposes: A Survey on Purchase, Housing and Hygiene Management.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Article
- Increasing awareness for tick-borne encephalitis virus using small ruminants as suitable sentinels: Preliminary observations.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In Germany, sheep are the main source of human Q fever epidemics, but data on Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) infections and related risk factors in the German sheep population remain scarce. In this cross-sectional study, a standardised interview was conducted across 71 exclusively sheep as well as mixed (sheep and goat) farms to identify animal and herd level risk factors associated with the detection of C. burnetii antibodies or pathogen-specific gene fragments via univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis. Serum samples and genital swabs from adult males and females of 3367 small ruminants from 71 farms were collected and analysed using ELISA and qPCR, respectively. On animal level, univariable analysis identified young animals (<2 years of age; odds ratio (OR) 0.33; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.13-0.83) to reduce the risk for seropositivity significantly (p < 0.05). The final multivariable logistic models identified lambing all year-round (OR 3.46/3.65; 95% CI 0.80-15.06/0.41-32.06) and purchases of sheep and goats (OR 13.61/22.99; 95% CI 2.86-64.64/2.21-239.42) as risk factors on herd level for C. burnetii infection detected via ELISA and qPCR, respectively.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.