Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33049438›Full record

ArticleSocial science & medicine (1982)2020

Studying physical and mental health status among hijra, kothi and transgender community in Kolkata, India.

Shamayeta Bhattacharya, Debarchana Ghosh

Open access · greenAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Social science & medicine (1982), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
23citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
5.2field-weighted citation impact, top 4% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 60 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Barriers to health care access among transgender people in Kerala.International journal for equity in health · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
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  9. Nutritional status of third-gender population of Dhaka City, Bangladesh.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Shamayeta BhattacharyaDepartment of Geography, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA. Electronic address: shamayeta.bhattacharya@uconn.edu.
Debarchana GhoshDepartment of Geography, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA. Electronic address: debarchana.ghosh@uconn.edu.
University of Connecticut · US

Funding

Connecting People, Places, and Barriers: The Effect of These Connections on AdheK01DA037794 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT STORRS · PI GHOSH, DEBARCHANA · 2014 to 2018
$863k
NIDA NIH HHS K01 DA037794
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Individuals with diverse sexual orientation and gender identities have historically experienced the major share of stigma, discrimination, and marginalization among all the LGTBIQ+ communities in India. Transgender, intersex, or queer individuals are deprived of their basic rights, self-dignity, bodily autonomy, and healthcare leading to significant negative health status. Recent legal reforms such as the decriminalization of Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code (prohibited same-sex activity) and amendments to the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill may improve their health. In this context, the study has the following objectives: 1) to measure the physical and the mental health status of hijra, kothi, and transgender (HKT) individuals using the Short Form 12 (SF-12) questionnaire; 2) understand the variation in their health status by social determinants; and 3) identify spatial patterns of HKTs general, physical, and mental health. Data was collected using a Bengali version of SF-12 (N = 98). We calculated physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) health composite scores and conducted relevant statistical and spatial analysis. Findings revealed that HKT individuals had poor mental health (mean MCS = 42.3) compared to their physical health (mean PCS = 49.0). ANOVA tests showed statistically significant variation of PCS and MCS among HKTs by their age and income. Participants with both poor and good health conditions were evenly distributed in the study area, with no significant spatial clustering. This study was the first attempt to assess the health-related quality of life among the HKT individuals using SF-12, not previously adapted to gender-diverse communities in India. Results clearly indicate that there is a pressing need to address both physical and mental health among gender-diverse communities by not only improving awareness of their healthcare rights but by also removing social and structural barriers to health programs, increasing targeted health interventions, grassroot level activism, and government advocacy.

Indexed as

Transgender PersonsFemaleHealth StatusHumansIndiaMaleQuality of LifeSexual BehaviorHijraIndiaKothiMental healthPhysical healthSF-12 questionnaireTransgender

Identifiers

PMID33049438
PMCPMC7738383
OpenAlexW3092019438

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.