ArticleAIDS (London, England)2020
Ending an HIV epidemic among persons who inject drugs in a middle-income country: extremely low HIV incidence among persons who inject drugs in Hai Phong, Viet Nam.
Article in AIDS (London, England), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Impact of Needle and Syringe Exchange Programs on HIV-Related Risk Behaviors in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Examining Individual- Versus Community-Level Effects.AIDS and behavior · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- High Efficiency and Safety of Hepatitis C Treatment Among People Who Inject Drugs in Vietnam.Journal of viral hepatitis · 2025Trial
- Perspectives on addiction-related problems in Vietnam.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Review
- Benefits of a sustained community-based psychiatric intervention on viral exposure among people who inject drugs: The ANRS Drive-Mind 2 cohort study in Hai Phong, Vietnam.PLOS mental health · 2026Article
- Hepatitis C virus incidence trend and its risk factors among people who inject drugs in Hai Phong, Vietnam.Hepatology international · 2025Article
- Impact and cost-effectiveness of interventions to eliminate hepatitis C virus among people who inject drugs in Haiphong, Vietnam.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Article
- High prevalence and incidence of HSV-2 among people who inject drugs in Hai Phong, Vietnam, and risk factors associated with seroconversion.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2025Article
- Micro-costing analysis of a community-based psychiatric intervention among people who inject drugs in Haiphong, Vietnam.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- A community-based strategy to eliminate hepatitis C among people who inject drugs in Vietnam.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2023Article
- Gender Differences in HIV, HCV risk and Prevention Needs Among People who Inject drug in Vietnam.AIDS and behavior · 2023Article
- "Maintaining HIV and HCV prevention and care for people who inject drugs despite COVID-19 in Hai Phong, Vietnam".The International journal on drug policy · 2022Article
- A community-based intervention to decrease the prevalence of HIV viremia among people who inject drugs in Vietnam.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2022Article
- Availability of HIV surveillance data in key populations in the countries of the World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2022Review
- Reaching Hard-to-Reach People Who Use Drugs: A Community-Based Strategy for the Elimination of Hepatitis C.Open forum infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Drug Harm Reduction in Vietnam: A Review of Stakeholders' Perspectives and Implications for Future Interventions.American journal of public health · 2022Article
- Development and assessment of a community-based screening tool for mental health disorders among people who inject drugs.Drug and alcohol review · 2022Article
- Alarming Tuberculosis Rate Among People Who Inject Drugs in Vietnam.Open forum infectious diseases · 2022Article
- How has the COVID-19 epidemic affected the risk behaviors of people who inject drugs in a city with high harm reduction service coverage in Vietnam? A qualitative investigation.Harm reduction journal · 2022Article
- Assessment of a psychiatric intervention at community level for people who inject drugs in a low-middle income country: the DRIVE-Mind cohort study in Hai Phong, Viet Nam.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors at 10 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo determine whether it is possible to 'end an HIV epidemic' among persons who inject drugs (PWID) in a low/middle income country.
designSerial cross-sectional surveys with a cohort of HIV seronegative participants with 6-month follow-up visits recruited from surveys.
methodsSurveys of PWID using respondent driven and snowball sampling were conducted in 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019 (N = 1383, 1451, 1444, and 1268). HIV recency testing was used to identify possible seroconversions in the window period prior to study entry. Structured interviews covering drug use histories, current drug use, and use of HIV-related services were administered by trained interviewers. Urinalysis was used to confirm current drug use. HIV and hepatitis C virus testing were conducted. Electronic fingerprint readers were used to avoid multiple participation in each survey and to link participants across surveys. A cohort of HIV seronegative participants with 6-month follow-up visits was recruited from the surveys, 480 from 2016, 233 from 2017, and 213 from 2018.
resultsParticipants were predominantly male (95%), mean age approximately 40, all reported injecting heroin, HIV prevalence ranged between 26 and 30%. We had three seroconversions in 1483 person-years at risk (PYAR) in the cohort study, and 0 in 696 PYAR among repeat survey participants, and 0 seroconversions in 1344 PYAR in recency testing. Overall HIV incidence was 0.085/100 PYAR, 95% confidence interval 0.02-0.25/100 PYAR.
conclusionThe data from Hai Phong clearly demonstrate that it is possible to achieve very low HIV incidence - 'end an HIV epidemic' - among PWID in a middle-income country.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.