ArticleTobacco control2020
Inferences beyond a claim: a typology of potential halo effects related to modified risk tobacco product claims.
Article in Tobacco control, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Randomized experimental test of a reduced-exposure message for an e-cigarette: comprehension and related misperceptions.Health education research · 2025Trial
- Effects of Modified Risk Tobacco Product Claims on Consumer Responses.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Trial
- Effect of a hypothetical modified risk tobacco product claim on heated tobacco product use intention and perceptions in young adults.Tobacco control · 2023Trial
- Effects of modified risk tobacco product claims on consumer comprehension and risk perceptions of IQOS.Tobacco control · 2022Trial
- Young Adults' Attention to Reduced Exposure Claims in IQOS Advertising and Associations With Product Perceptions and Use Intentions.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Achieving Public Health Impact: Health Communication Research to Inform Tobacco Regulatory Science.Health communication · 2024Article
- MRTP claim authorisation and General Snus sales in the USA: evidence from a difference-in-differences model.Tobacco control · 2024Article
- Perceived relative harm and addictiveness compared with cigarettes and intentions to use modified risk tobacco products utilizing FDA-authorized marketing claims among adults in the United States.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2024Article
- Impact of smoking intensity and device cleaning on IQOS emissions: comparison with an array of cigarettes.Tobacco control · 2024Article
- Neighborhood Inequities in Tobacco Product Descriptors, Washington, DC, 2018-2019.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Impact of different health warning label and reduced exposure messages in IQOS ads on perceptions among US and Israeli adults.Preventive medicine reports · 2023Article
- '95% less harmful'? Exploring reactions to quantitative modified risk claims for snus and e-cigarettes.Tobacco control · 2022Article
- Exposure to e-cigarette health claims and association with e-cigarette use and risk perceptions: A cohort study of young adults.Addictive behaviors · 2022Article
- Examining Market Trends in Smokeless Tobacco Sales in the United States: 2011-2019.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
When tobacco products are marketed with modified risk tobacco product (MRTP) claims, consumers may infer additional health benefits not directly stated in the claims. We propose a typology of seven potential 'halo effects' (ie, an unintended generalisation) that may occur with MRTP marketing. Evidence currently exists that some of these types of halo effects occur after exposure to MRTP claims. These generalisations are likely unavoidable in certain situations and may sometimes produce accurate inferences. However, some halo effects may be problematic if they mislead consumers into false inferences and result in unintended consequences that have a negative public health impact (eg, reinitiation, dual tobacco product use). To help mitigate unintended consequences and guide regulatory decisions about MRTP claims, we encourage researchers studying MRTP claims to test for halo effects. Regulatory agencies should include potential unintended consequences associated with halo effects when assessing individual-level and population-level health impacts of MRTP claims. Moreover, tobacco manufacturers should be required to report both premarket and postmarket surveillance of halo effects to relevant regulatory agencies. If MRTP claims are to play a role in tobacco harm reduction, it is imperative that they be communicated and interpreted in ways that minimise harms and maximise public health benefits.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.