ArticleBMC psychiatry2020
ADHD subtype-specific cognitive correlates and association with self-esteem: a quantitative difference.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and Safety of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Brain and behavior · 2025Pooled it
- Scoping review of precision child and youth mental health research: dwelling in possibility.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- ADHD prevalence in patients with hypersexuality and paraphilic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- A systematic review of randomized controlled trials on efficacy and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation in major neurodevelopmental disorders: ADHD, autism, and dyslexia.Brain and behavior · 2022Pooled it
- Does Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Predominant Presentation Matter? Examining Functional and Symptom Changes After Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.Clinical psychology & psychotherapyTrial
- Downregulation of integrin α3 in ADHD mirrored in mutant mouse model by dopamine-dependent hippocampal AMPAR expression.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Disorder-Specific Genetic Effects Drive the Associations Between Psychopathology and Cognitive Functioning.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Imposter Phenomenon, and Identity Distress: The Mediating Indirect Effects of Self-Esteem, Social Camouflaging, and Social Media Connections.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Horses and ADHD: the ASTride intervention for cognitive and emotional growth.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2025Article
- Effects of Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) on Academic Performance and Educational Attainment.Child psychiatry and human development · 2025Article
- Daily activities and self-esteem among university students with and without ADHD.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Functional imaging derived ADHD biotypes based on deep clustering: a study on personalized medication therapy guidance.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Article
- Metaanalysis of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Efficacy for OCD Treatment: The Impact of Stimulation Parameters, Symptom Subtype and rTMS-Induced Electrical Field.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) improves emotion regulation in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Assessment of ADHD Subtypes Using Motion Tracking Recognition Based on Stroop Color-Word Tests.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The Intelligence Structures of School-Age Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study in China.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2024Article
- Functional Imaging Derived ADHD Biotypes Based on Deep Clustering May Guide Personalized Medication Therapy.Research square · 2023Article
- Article
- The Impact of Bilateral Anodal tDCS over Left and Right DLPFC on Executive Functions in Children with ADHD.Brain sciences · 2022Article
- Nutrient intake, dietary patterns, and anthropometric variables of children with ADHD in comparison to healthy controls: a case-control study.BMC pediatrics · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a major neurodevelopmental disorder with heterogeneous symptoms, subtypes, and cognitive deficits. Cognitive deficits are central to ADHD pathophysiology and one potential source of heterogeneity in ADHD. Subtype-specific cognitive correlates are not, however, well-studied. We explored cognitive correlates of ADHD subtypes based on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) scores. We also assessed subtype-specific self-esteem rating in ADHD subtypes and explored its association with cognitive correlates.
methodsOne hundred thirty-nine children with ADHD (80.6% boy, 19.4% girl) were categorized into the predominantly "hyperactive (ADHD-H)", "inattentive (ADHD-I)" and "combined (ADHD-C)" subtype based on their symptoms and scores on the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS-PL) and Conners Parent-Rating Scale (CPRS-RS). They were then individually administrated the WISC-IV and completed a self-esteem inventory. Group differences in the WISC-IV indices and their predictability in discriminating ADHD subtypes were analyzed.
resultsWe found a quantitative differentiation of cognitive abilities among ADHD subtypes with "working memory" as the most compromised cognitive domain. ADHD-I had the poorest cognitive profile while ADHD-H scored highest in all cognitive domains. Importantly, cognitive abilities were negatively correlated with inattention and positively correlated with hyperactive symptoms. Moreover, self-esteem ratings were positively correlated with the cognitive domains and were rated differently based on the subtypes. ADHD-H, with the highest cognitive strength, reported the highest level of self-esteem among all subtypes.
conclusionsADHD subtype-specific symptoms, cognitive deficits, and self-esteem problems should be considered for precise diagnosis and effective and personalized treatment in ADHD in light of further supporting evidence and assessments. Cognitive interventions might be more compatible with and effective in inattentive and combined subtypes of ADHD. Working memory improving-based interventions can benefit all ADHD subtypes. A supportive educational system in school and providing adjunct supportive interventions should be considered for children with ADHD as well.
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