ArticleCytokine2021
Cytokine profile and disease severity in patients with COVID-19.
Article in Cytokine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 134 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
134 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 214 citations in OpenAlex.
- Aortic dissection and Covid-19; a comprehensive systematic review.Current problems in cardiology · 2023Pooled it
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Multiple Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms in the Pathogenesis of Periodontitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Nebulization Therapy with Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes for COVID-19 Pneumonia.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2022Trial
- Hyperinflammatory nutritional index as an exploratory combined inflammatory and nutritional marker: associations with cytokines and β2-microglobulin in COVID-19.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Observational
- Regulation of Renal Transporters by Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Human Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells: Identification of the Perpetrator and Mechanisms.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2026Article
- Multiorgan Molecular Landscape of Severe COVID-19 Revealed by Consensus Gene Signatures and RAB8B Targeting.Journal of medical virology · 2026Article
- Interleukins in COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Immunopathogenesis, Therapeutic Perspectives and Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Effect of proinflammatory cytokines on intestinal drug transporters in human enteroid monolayers.Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals · 2026Article
- Interleukin-23 in lung and airway diseases: from pathogenesis to precision-guided therapeutic targeting.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Potential relationships between circulating gene expression ofJournal of Zhejiang University. Science. B · 2025Article
- A comparative study on proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-17A and interleukin-17F expressions in whole blood of patients with COVID-19.Iranian journal of microbiology · 2025Article
- Regulation of Renal Transporters by Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Human Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells: Identification of the Perpetrator and Mechanisms.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Association Between COVID-19 Infection and Thyroid Cancer Development: A Retrospective Cohort Study Using the TriNetX Database.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Pharmacological Immunomodulation via Collagen-Polyvinylpyrrolidone or Pirfenidone Plays a Role in the Recovery of Patients with Severe COVID-19 Through Similar Mechanisms of Action Involving the JAK/STAT Signalling Pathway: A Pilot Study.Advances in respiratory medicine · 2025Article
- Vitamin D Imbalance and Hydro-Electrolyte Disturbances in Hospitalized Children: A Comparation Between Post-COVID-19 Status and SARS-CoV-2/EBV Coinfection.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Recent advances in TAM mechanisms in lung diseases.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
- Determination of both the expression and serum levels of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor β1 genes in COVID-19.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Association of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine polymorphisms with COVID-19 severity in unvaccinated patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Modelling key ecological factors influencing the distribution and content of silymarin antioxidant in Silybum marianum L.PloS one · 2025Article
- Outcome of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection depends on genetic background in female mice.Nature communications · 2024Article
74 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cytokine dysregulation is the proposed mechanism for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-5, IL-8, Il-9, IL-17, TGF-β and IFN-γ in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. The study was conducted between 63 adult patients with COVID-19 and compared with 33 age and gender-matched healthy subjects as controls. The age range in both groups was 50-70 years. The patients were classified into mild group (33 patients) and severe group (30 patients). Serum samples were collected from all participants and tested for the cytokine levels by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) method. Statistical analysis was performed using the one-way ANOVA. The mean serum levels of IFN-γ, TGF-β, IL-17 and IL-8 in the COVID-19 patients were significantly higher than those observed in the control group. A comparison of between the mild and severe groups showed significant differences in TGF-β levels. The mean concentration of serum IL-5 and IL-9 in patients with COVID-19 did not differ from those in the control group. Systemic IL-17 levels correlated positively and significantly with TGF-β in patients with COVID-19. Th1 (IFN-γ), Treg (TGF-β), and Th17 (IL-17) cytokines concentration were increased in COVID-19 patients. Interferon-γ and IL-17 are involved in inducing and mediating proinflammatory responses. Our data suggest that TGF-β can be used as a predictive factor of disease severity in patients with COVID-19.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.