ArticlePain2021
The Parkinson disease pain classification system: results from an international mechanism-based classification approach.
Article in Pain, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07618728 (Feasibility and Preliminary Effectiveness of an Individualised Multimodal Group-Based Exercise Programme for People With Parkinson's Disease), which is not on this map. Cited by 59 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Feasibility and Preliminary Effectiveness of an Individualised Multimodal Group-Based Exercise Programme for People With Parkinson's Disease: A Non-Randomized Feasibility Study
Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 94 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diagnosis and treatment of autonomic failure, pain and sleep disturbances in Parkinson's disease: guideline "Parkinson's disease" of the German Society of Neurology.Journal of neurology · 2025Guideline
- A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Subthalamic Nucleus-Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease-Related Pain.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2021Pooled it
- Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease Patients in the Off State: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial Examining the Effects on Pain With and Without the Influence of Dopaminergic Medication.Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain · 2025Trial
- Fire Needling Therapy versus Usual Care for Parkinson's Disease-Related Chronic Pain: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of pain research · 2024Trial
- Early Pain and Sensory Dysfunction in Drug-Naïve Parkinson's Disease: Evidence From Quantitative Sensory Testing.European journal of pain (London, England) · 2026Article
- Pain in Parkinson's disease: bridging pathophysiology, clinical features, and personalized management.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Review
- The role of botulinum toxin in the multimodal management of pain in Parkinson's disease: a scoping review.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Review
- Effect of subcutaneous foslevodopa/foscarbidopa therapy on non-motor symptoms in advanced PD patients.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Temporomandibular Disorder-like Pain in Parkinson's Disease Is Associated with Motor Symptom Severity and Disability Levels.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Clinical Outcome Assessments in Parkinson's Disease: A Scoping Review of Current Rating Scales and Future Needs.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Article
- Types of Pain in Multiple System Atrophy.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2026Article
- The Topographical, Sensory, and Temporal Characteristics of Pain in Parkinson's Disease: A Cross-Sectional Survey.Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain · 2026Article
- Clinical Algorithm-Guided Approach to Botulinum Toxin Type A Treatment for Axial Postural Abnormalities in Parkinson's Disease.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Article
- Comment to "Further Considerations on the Research of Parkinson's Disease-Related Chronic Pain".Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Article
- Tyrosine Hydroxylase Deficiency Impairs TH Axonal Transport, Brain Function, and Neuronal Plasticity.Journal of inherited metabolic disease · 2026Article
- Distinction and mutual Influences between Parkinson's Disease-related and unrelated Chronic Pain.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Article
- The characterization of Parkinson's disease related pain based on the classification system: The severity of neuropathic pain and the clinical profile of nociplastic pain.Clinical parkinsonism & related disorders · 2026Article
- Pain and sensory abnormalities in prodromal and early Parkinson's disease: mechanisms, assessment, and clinical implications.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability, and preliminary construct validity of the Japanese version of the Parkinson's disease pain classification system.Clinical parkinsonism & related disorders · 2026Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
26 authors at 9 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
abstractPain is a common nonmotor symptom in patients with Parkinson disease (PD) but the correct diagnosis of the respective cause remains difficult because suitable tools are lacking, so far. We developed a framework to differentiate PD- from non-PD-related pain and classify PD-related pain into 3 groups based on validated mechanistic pain descriptors (nociceptive, neuropathic, or nociplastic), which encompass all the previously described PD pain types. Severity of PD-related pain syndromes was scored by ratings of intensity, frequency, and interference with daily living activities. The PD-Pain Classification System (PD-PCS) was compared with classic pain measures (ie, brief pain inventory and McGill pain questionnaire [MPQ], PDQ-8 quality of life score, MDS-UPDRS scores, and nonmotor symptoms). 159 nondemented PD patients (disease duration 10.2 ± 7.6 years) and 37 healthy controls were recruited in 4 centers. PD-related pain was present in 122 patients (77%), with 24 (15%) suffering one or more syndromes at the same time. PD-related nociceptive, neuropathic, or nociplastic pain was diagnosed in 87 (55%), 25 (16%), or 35 (22%), respectively. Pain unrelated to PD was present in 35 (22%) patients. Overall, PD-PCS severity score significantly correlated with pain's Brief Pain Inventory and MPQ ratings, presence of dyskinesia and motor fluctuations, PDQ-8 scores, depression, and anxiety measures. Moderate intrarater and interrater reliability was observed. The PD-PCS is a valid and reliable tool for differentiating PD-related pain from PD-unrelated pain. It detects and scores mechanistic pain subtypes in a pragmatic and treatment-oriented approach, unifying previous classifications of PD-pain.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.