ArticleAllergy2021
Butyrate as a bioactive human milk protective component against food allergy.
Article in Allergy, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 75 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 131 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dairy Consumption and Inflammatory Bowel Disease among Arab Adults: A Case-Control Study and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2024Pooled it
- Immunonutritional effects elicited by a novel multicomponent food supplement in children with cow's milk allergy: results from a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.Frontiers in allergy · 2026Trial
- Specific gut microbiome signatures and the associated pro-inflamatory functions are linked to pediatric allergy and acquisition of immune tolerance.Nature communications · 2021Trial
- Review
- Gut microbiota and aging: current understanding and future perspectives.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Article
- Metabotherapy for intestinal disease: using metabolites to prevent and treat disorders of the gut.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2026Review
- Novel Food Supplement Containing a Combination of Postbiotics and Plant-Derived Compounds Regulates Epithelial Barrier Integrity and Immune Response in Human Enterocytes.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A Novel Chronotype-Based Mediterranean Diet Pyramid: An Updated Representation by the Italian Society of Endocrinology (SIE) and the Italian Society of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition (ADI).Current nutrition reports · 2026Review
- Immunonutrition: Feeding the gut, skin, and immune system.Asia Pacific allergy · 2026Review
- Secretory IgA and butyrate depletion in Southeast Chinese infants with cow's milk allergy: pathogenic link and diagnostic biomarker.Open medicine (Warsaw, Poland) · 2026Article
- Unveiling Butyrate as a Parkinson's Disease Therapy.Neuroscience bulletin · 2026Review
- Emerging microbiome-mitochondria crosstalk in host defense and infectious diseases: mechanistic insights into NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mtDNA-mediated immunomodulation.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Diet Components, Immune Function and IgE-Mediated Food Allergy.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Functional Foods Based on Postbiotics as a Food Allergy Treatment.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- From allergens to epigenetics: how histone acetylation shapes immune gene expression in allergic diseases.Epigenomics · 2025Review
- Comparison and correlation analysis of microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acid profile in Milk across 15 mammalian species.Food chemistry: X · 2025Article
- Article
- Cow's Milk Allergy in Breastfed Infants: What We Need to Know About Mechanisms, Management, and Maternal Role.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Partially hydrolyzed guar gum ingestion suppresses atopic dermatitis-like symptoms through prebiotic effect in mice.Journal of clinical biochemistry and nutrition · 2025Article
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
23 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundFood allergy (FA) is a growing health problem worldwide. Effective strategies are advocated to limit the disease burden. Human milk (HM) could be considered as a protective factor against FA, but its mechanisms remain unclear. Butyrate is a gut microbiota-derived metabolite able to exert several immunomodulatory functions. We aimed to define the butyrate concentration in HM, and to see whether the butyrate concentration detected in HM is able to modulate the mechanisms of immune tolerance.
methodsHM butyrate concentration from 109 healthy women was assessed by GS-MS. The effect of HM butyrate on tolerogenic mechanisms was assessed in in vivo and in vitro models.
resultsThe median butyrate concentration in mature HM was 0.75 mM. This butyrate concentration was responsible for the maximum modulatory effects observed in all experimental models evaluated in this study. Data from mouse model show that in basal condition, butyrate up-regulated the expression of several biomarkers of gut barrier integrity, and of tolerogenic cytokines. Pretreatment with butyrate significantly reduced allergic response in three animal models of FA, with a stimulation of tolerogenic cytokines, inhibition of Th2 cytokines production and a modulation of oxidative stress. Data from human cell models show that butyrate stimulated human beta defensin-3, mucus components and tight junctions expression in human enterocytes, and IL-10, IFN-γ and FoxP3 expression through epigenetic mechanisms in PBMCs from FA children. Furthermore, it promoted the precursors of M2 macrophages, DCs and regulatory T cells.
conclusionThe study's findings suggest the importance of butyrate as a pivotal HM compound able to protect against FA.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.