ReviewIntestinal research2021
The impact of tobacco smoking on treatment choice and efficacy in inflammatory bowel disease.
Review in Intestinal research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Relationship between smoking status and ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis based on a case-control study.Scientific reports · 2025Pooled it
- Defining the Roles of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinical Pharmacists in the United States: A Systematic Review and National RAND/UCLA Consensus.Inflammatory bowel diseases · 2024Pooled it
- Population Pharmacokinetics and Exposure-Response Relationships of Etrolizumab in Patients with Moderately-to-Severely Active Crohn's Disease.Journal of clinical pharmacology · 2025Trial
- Treatable traits in inflammatory bowel disease: a conceptual framework for personalized care.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Review
- Article
- Impact of tobacco use on inpatient outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective matched cohort study.Annals of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Inflammatory bowel diseases: pathological mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Proanthocyanidins in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Arrhythmogenic Implications of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Its Mechanisms and Treatment Effects.Cureus · 2025Review
- Comparative effects of alternate tobacco products and traditional tobacco smoking on various organ/systems: A guide to regulators and health policy makers.Toxicology reports · 2025Review
- Ustekinumab in Ulcerative Colitis: A Real-Life Effectiveness Study Across Multiple Belgian Centers (SULTAN).Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Examination of the TPMT and NUDT15*3 Variants to Predict the Response to Thiopurines in an Italian Cohort of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Prevalence of Anti-Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Observational
- Smoking Experience before Adulthood Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Developing Ulcerative Colitis in Adult Ex-Smokers.Yonsei medical journal · 2025Article
- DAMP-ing IBD: Extinguish the Fire and Prevent Smoldering.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2025Review
- Role of Environmental Risk Factors in the Etiology of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Multicenter Study.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2024Article
- Article
- Tobacco use in Crohn's disease patients and association with disease outcomes in the United States Medicaid population, 2010-2019.JGH open : an open access journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2023Article
- Inflammatory bowel disease in Korea: epidemiology and pathophysiology.The Korean journal of internal medicine · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Smoking significantly increases the risk of developing and worsens Crohn's disease (CD), yet protects against the development and reduces the severity of ulcerative colitis. It is less clear whether smoking impacts the efficacy of therapeutics in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We review the literature regarding the relationship between smoking and the efficacy of medical and surgical therapy in IBD. Smoking is associated with alterations in thiopurine metabolism and may affect time to disease relapse. The outcomes of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in active smokers appear neutral with data lacking for newer biologics. Smoking increases the risk of postoperative recurrence in those requiring resection for CD, likely attributable to perturbations of the gut microbiota although further implications of these for disease onset/progression and treatment efficacy remain unclear. Multiple lifestyle and psychosocial confounders are likely under-recognized cofactors in the association between smoking and IBD. Despite the widely promulgated risks associated with cigarette smoking in CD, more incisive data are required to further elucidate the actual relationship between smoking and disease pathways, while accounting for the several negative cofactors prevalent in smokers which cast uncertainty on the magnitude of the direct effect of smoking on disease pathophysiology and the efficacy of therapy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.