ReviewBrain, behavior, and immunity2021
Role of astroglial toll-like receptors (TLRs) in central nervous system infections, injury and neurodegenerative diseases.
Review in Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 163 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
163 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 271 citations in OpenAlex.
- Physical exercise and inflammation in Parkinson's disease: a review.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Pooled it
- Association between systemic immune-inflammation index, systemic inflammation response index, and adverse outcomes in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Apigenin and inflammation in the brain: can apigenin inhibit neuroinflammation in preclinical models?Inflammopharmacology · 2024Pooled it
- Role of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) in Spinal Cord Injury (SCI): A Comprehensive Review.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Convergent Astrocytic Failure in Parkinson's Disease: A System-Level Model of Pathogenesis and Treatment.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Ellagic acid regulates astrocytic responses under inflammatory conditions in primary astrocyte cultures: effects on oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Recombinant Artemin-Fc Fusion Protein Attenuates TLR4/NF-κB-Associated Neuroinflammation and Modulates Inhibitory/Excitatory Synaptic Marker Expression After Spinal Cord Injury.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Myd88 Deficiency Accelerates Retinal Degeneration and Alters Microglial Dynamics in a Mouse Model of Retinitis Pigmentosa.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Effects of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist PEG-Loxe on diabetic osteoporosis: A mechanistic study.Molecular metabolism · 2026Article
- Neuroinflammation and RAMP1: the Role of the Peripheral and Central Nervous System in Tumor Progression.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2026Review
- Microglia-derived extracellular vesicles attenuate acute a-synuclein induced astrocyte inflammation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Repeated TLR7 activation induces cell type- and brain region-specific transcriptome changes in male mice.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Layer-Specific Astrocyte Morphological Responses in the CA3 Hippocampus Region During Piry Virus-Induced Encephalitis.Hippocampus · 2026Article
- Gut-Brain Inflammation and Disrupted Homeostasis Due to Activation of Mast Cells and Microglia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Chronic periodontitis and systemic inflammation in the elderly: implications for neurodegeneration.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- TUDCA Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment in APP/PS1 Mice by Modulating the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Glial Cell Dynamics in Neuroinflammation: Mechanisms, Interactions, and Therapeutic Implications.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Review
- Microglia-astrocyte crosstalk as a key organizing principle of Alzheimer's disease: from homeostatic cooperation to maladaptive signaling loops.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Review
- Article
103 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) innate immunity plays essential roles in infections, neurodegenerative diseases, and brain or spinal cord injuries. Astrocytes and microglia are the principal cells that mediate innate immunity in the CNS. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), expressed by astrocytes and microglia, sense pathogen-derived or endogenous ligands released by damaged cells and initiate the innate immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a well-characterized family of PRRs. The contribution of microglial TLR signaling to CNS pathology has been extensively investigated. Even though astrocytes assume a wide variety of key functions, information about the role of astroglial TLRs in CNS disease and injuries is limited. Because astrocytes display heterogeneity and exhibit phenotypic plasticity depending on the effectors present in the local milieu, they can exert both detrimental and beneficial effects. TLRs are modulators of these paradoxical astroglial properties. The goal of the current review is to highlight the essential roles played by astroglial TLRs in CNS infections, injuries and diseases. We discuss the contribution of astroglial TLRs to host defense as well as the dissemination of viral and bacterial infections in the CNS. We examine the link between astroglial TLRs and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and present evidence showing the pivotal influence of astroglial TLR signaling on sterile inflammation in CNS injury. Finally, we define the research questions and areas that warrant further investigations in the context of astrocytes, TLRs, and CNS dysfunction.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.