SynthesisJournal of advanced nursing2021
Quantitative systematic review: Sources of inaccuracy in manually measured adult respiratory rate data.
Synthesis in Journal of advanced nursing, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Quantitative systematic review: Sources of inaccuracy in manually measured adult respiratory rate data.Journal of advanced nursing · 2021Pooled it
- Clinical validation of a novel accelerometer-based respiratory rate monitor.Journal of clinical monitoring and computing · 2026Observational
- Association of Vital Sign and Laboratory Abnormalities Detected via Remote Monitoring with ICU Readmission and Mortality: An Observational Cohort Study.Joint Commission journal on quality and patient safety · 2026Observational
- Comparison of manual and automated respiratory rate measurements on hospital wards: a prospective observational study.Journal of clinical monitoring and computing · 2026Observational
- Evaluating a ballistocardiography derived respiratory rate algorithm through comprehensive clinical validation across multiple settings.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Seamless vital sign monitoring with fiber optic sensing technology: validating the sitting SMART MAT for community health in static and mobile conditions.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Adaptive Thermal Imaging Signal Analysis for Real-Time Non-Invasive Respiratory Rate Monitoring.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Predicting In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Using Machine Learning Models: Protocol for a Scoping Review.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Article
- Clinical validation of non-contact vital signs in an emergency department setting.Frontiers in medical technology · 2025Article
- The Complete Blood Count Sepsis Index Using Monocyte Distribution Width for Early Detection of Sepsis in Patients Without Obvious Signs.Critical care explorations · 2025Observational
- The completeness, accuracy and impact on alerts, of wearable vital signs monitoring in hospitalised patients.BMC digital health · 2025Article
- Clinical Validation of Respiratory Rate Estimation Using Acoustic Signals from a Wearable Device.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- New Trauma Score versus Kampala Trauma Score II in predicting mortality following road traffic crash: a prospective multi-center cohort study.BMC emergency medicine · 2024Article
- Assessment of respiratory rate monitoring in the emergency department.Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open · 2024Article
- Aluminum Nitride Thin Film Piezoelectric Pressure Sensor for Respiratory Rate Detection.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Contactless and continuous monitoring of respiratory rate in a hospital ward: a clinical validation study.Frontiers in physiology · 2024Article
- Assessments of perioperative respiratory pattern with non-contact vital sign monitor in children undergoing minor surgery: a prospective observational study.Journal of anesthesia · 2023Observational
- Piloting a Nurse-Led Critical Care Outreach Service to Pre-Empt Medical Emergency Team Calls and Facilitate Staff Learning.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Observational
- Characteristics of low acuity prehospital emergency patients with 48-h mortality, an observational cohort study.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine · 2022Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
aimsTo identify the potential sources of inaccuracy in manually measured adult respiratory rate (RR) data and quantify their effects.
designQuantitative systematic review with meta-analyses where appropriate. DATA SOURCES: Medline, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library (from database inception to 31 July 2019). REVIEW
methodsStudies presenting data on individual sources of inaccuracy in the manual measurement of adult RR were analysed, assessed for quality, and grouped according to the source of inaccuracy investigated. Quantitative data were extracted and synthesized and meta-analyses performed where appropriate.
resultsIncluded studies (N = 49) identified five sources of inaccuracy. The awareness effect creates an artefactual reduction in actual RR, and observation methods involving shorter counts cause systematic underscoring. Individual RR measurements can differ substantially in either direction between observations due to inter- or intra-observer variability. Value bias, where particular RRs are over-represented (suggesting estimation), is a widespread problem. Recording omission is also widespread, with higher average rates in inpatient versus triage/admission contexts.
conclusionThis review demonstrates that manually measured RR data are subject to several potential sources of inaccuracy. IMPACT: RR is an important indicator of clinical deterioration and commonly included in track-and-trigger systems. However, the usefulness of RR data depends on the accuracy of the observations and documentation, which are subject to five potential sources of inaccuracy identified in this review. A single measurement may be affected by several factors. Hence, clinicians should interpret recorded RR data cautiously unless systems are in place to ensure its accuracy. For nurses, this includes counting rather than estimating RRs, employing 60-s counts whenever possible, ensuring patients are unaware that their RR is being measured, and documenting the resulting value. For any given site, interventions to improve measurement should take into account the local organizational and cultural context, available resources, and the specific measurement issues that need to be addressed.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.