ReviewAnnals of the rheumatic diseases2021
Mechanisms of progressive fibrosis in connective tissue disease (CTD)-associated interstitial lung diseases (ILDs).
Review in Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06674148 (A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Qifangfeixian Granules in the Treatment of Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease), which is not on this map. Cited by 136 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Qifangfeixian Granules in the Treatment of Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease (CTD-ILD)
Who cites it
136 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 243 citations in OpenAlex.
- Incidence and influencing factors of progressive pulmonary fibrosis in connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Assessing theRMD open · 2025Pooled it
- Cyclophosphamide in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis-associated Interstitial Lung Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Annals of the American Thoracic Society · 2024Pooled it
- A meta-analysis of the clinical significance of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios in interstitial lung disease.PloS one · 2023Pooled it
- Clinical applications of mesenchymal stromal cell-based therapies for pulmonary diseases: An Update and Concise Review.International journal of medical sciences · 2021Pooled it
- Review of the Impact of Weight Loss and Body Mass Index in Clinical Trials of Nintedanib in Interstitial Lung Disease.Advances in therapy · 2026Article
- Association of Serum KL-6 with Functional Impairment in Patients with Immune-Mediated Interstitial Lung Disease.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Pirfenidone combined with nintedanib in connective tissue disease - associated interstitial lung disease with radiologic progression during antifibrotic monotherapy: A case series.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Nerandomilast (BI 1015550) attenuating pulmonary fibrosis in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease by modulating the TGF-β1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Association ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- The value of serum biomarkers in the management of interstitial lung disease in patients with connective tissue disease: a protocol for an observational study.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Prevalence and Prognostic Impact of Progressive Pulmonary Fibrosis.Tuberculosis and respiratory diseases · 2026Review
- Neuropsychiatric disorders in pulmonary fibrosis: from brain network alterations to inflammatory mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- Diagnostic significance of HRCT imaging features in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy-associated interstitial lung disease.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Article
- AMSC-sEVs Ameliorated Crohn's Disease by Inhibiting Macrophage-Myofibroblast Transition Through the Delivery of MFGE8.Cell proliferation · 2026Article
- Prediction of intravenous cyclophosphamide treatment efficacy in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies-associated interstitial lung disease patients: a nomogram based on radiomics and clinical factors.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Article
- Baseline neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts survival time after the initiation of nintedanib in patients with interstitial lung disease.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Article
- Peripheral blood transcriptomic analysis of patients with rheumatoid arthritis associated interstitial lung disease reveals: distinct molecular signature with evidence of humoral and myeloid immunity.Arthritis research & therapy · 2026Article
- Real-world evidence on hospitalization, infection, and vascular outcomes among interstitial lung disease subtypes.Respiratory medicine and research · 2026Article
- Quantitative spectral computed tomography biomarkers for idiopathic inflammatory myopathy-associated interstitial lung disease: a dual-layer detector computed tomography study.Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery · 2026Article
76 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 10 institutions in 8 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), which can arise from a broad spectrum of distinct aetiologies, can manifest as a pulmonary complication of an underlying autoimmune and connective tissue disease (CTD-ILD), such as rheumatoid arthritis-ILD and systemic sclerosis (SSc-ILD). Patients with clinically distinct ILDs, whether CTD-related or not, can exhibit a pattern of common clinical disease behaviour (declining lung function, worsening respiratory symptoms and higher mortality), attributable to progressive fibrosis in the lungs. In recent years, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor nintedanib has demonstrated efficacy and safety in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), SSc-ILD and a broad range of other fibrosing ILDs with a progressive phenotype, including those associated with CTDs. Data from phase II studies also suggest that pirfenidone, which has a different-yet largely unknown-mechanism of action, may also have activity in other fibrosing ILDs with a progressive phenotype, in addition to its known efficacy in IPF. Collectively, these studies add weight to the hypothesis that, irrespective of the original clinical diagnosis of ILD, a progressive fibrosing phenotype may arise from common, underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of fibrosis involving pathways associated with the targets of nintedanib and, potentially, pirfenidone. However, despite the early proof of concept provided by these clinical studies, very little is known about the mechanistic commonalities and differences between ILDs with a progressive phenotype. In this review, we explore the biological and genetic mechanisms that drive fibrosis, and identify the missing evidence needed to provide the rationale for further studies that use the progressive phenotype as a target population.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.