SynthesisBMC infectious diseases2020
Implications of COVID-19 in high burden countries for HIV/TB: A systematic review of evidence.
Synthesis in BMC infectious diseases, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 121 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exit Meta-Analysis on the Effect of HIV on COVID-19 Mortality, Hospitalization, and ICU Admission.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Pooled it
- Evaluating the impact of COVID-19 on the HIV care continuum across global income levels: a mixed-methods systematic review.AIDS research and therapy · 2025Pooled it
- Repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic on the HIV care continuum and related factors in economically disadvantaged nations: an integrated analysis using mixed-methods systematic review.European journal of medical research · 2024Pooled it
- Pre-existing health conditions and severe COVID-19 outcomes: an umbrella review approach and meta-analysis of global evidence.BMC medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Active pulmonary tuberculosis and coronavirus disease 2019: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2021Pooled it
- Relationship of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 response to COVID-19 severity and impact of HIV-1 and tuberculosis coinfection.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2021Trial
- Tuberculosis (TB) service utilisation pre and peri-COVID-19 restrictions in Johannesburg, Gauteng.South African family practice : official journal of the South African Academy of Family Practice/Primary Care · 2026Article
- A rare case of unusual anti-tuberculosis drug reaction in disseminated tuberculosis with pre-existing Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C).BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Hierarchical forecasting of COVID-19 cases in Africa using machine learning models.Frontiers in epidemiology · 2026Article
- Tertiary-care management of TB/HIV co-infection in Port Harcourt, Nigeria: A retrospective cohort analysis.PloS one · 2026Article
- Review
- Intensive Management of a Patient with HIV, Active Tuberculosis, and COVID-19: A Multidisciplinary Approach in the Intensive Care Unit.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- COVID-19 and Parasitic Co-Infection: A Hypothetical Link to Pulmonary Vascular Disease.Infectious disease reports · 2025Review
- Incidence and determinants of households' catastrophic payments for TB care: evidence from a multi-country trial (EXIT-TB project) implemented in East Africa.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Prior COVID-19 infection among newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients in a tertiary care center in Tehran: A case-control study.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2024Article
- Impact of Tuberculosis on Disease Severity and Viral Shedding Duration in COVID-19 Patients.Viruses · 2024Article
- Article
- Impact of COVID-19 on essential healthcare services in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Implications for future pandemics.PloS one · 2024Article
- Adopting sustainable innovations for remote access to TB and HIV care in South Africa.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Triple Burden: The Incorrigible Threat of Tuberculosis, HIV, and COVID-19.Infectious disorders drug targets · 2024Review
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe triple burden of COVID-19, tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus is one of the major global health challenges of the twenty-first century. In high burden HIV/TB countries, the spread of COVID-19 among people living with HIV is a well-founded concern. A thorough understanding of HIV/TB and COVID-19 pandemics is important as the three diseases interact. This may clarify HIV/TB/COVID-19 as a newly related field. However, several gaps remain in the knowledge of the burden of COVID-19 on patients with TB and HIV. This study was conducted to review different studies on SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV or COVID-19 associated with HIV/TB co-infection or only TB, to understand the interactions between HIV, TB and COVID-19 and its implications on the burden of the COVID-19 among HIV/TB co-infected or TB patients, screening algorithm and clinical management.
methodsWe conducted an electronic search of potentially eligible studies published in English in the Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials, PubMed, Medrxiv, Google scholar and Clinical Trials Registry databases. We included case studies, case series and observational studies published between January, 2002 and July, 2020 in which SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and COVID-19 co-infected to HIV/TB or TB in adults. We screened titles, abstracts and full articles for eligibility. Descriptive and meta-analysis were done and results have been presented in graphs and tables.
resultsAfter removing 95 duplicates, 58 out of 437 articles were assessed for eligibility, of which 14 studies were included for descriptive analysis and seven studies were included in the meta-analysis. Compared to the descriptive analysis, the meta-analysis showed strong evidence that current TB exposure was high-risk COVID-19 group (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.06-2.65, P = 0.03). The pooled of COVID-19/TB severity rate increased from OR 4.50 (95% CI 1.12-18.10, P = 0.03), the recovery rate was high among COVID-19 compared to COVID-19/TB irrespective of HIV status (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.83-2.74, P < 0.001) and the mortality was reduced among non-TB group (P < 0.001).
conclusionIn summary, TB was a risk factor for COVID-19 both in terms of severity and mortality irrespective of HIV status. Structured diagnostic algorithms and clinical management are suggested to improve COVID-19/HIV/TB or COVID-19/TB co-infections outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.