ReviewJournal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)2020
Hypothyroidism after radiation exposure: brief narrative review.
Review in Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Thyroid function disorders and secondary cancer following haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in pediatrics: State of the art and practical recommendations for a risk-based follow-up.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors-Related Thyroid Dysfunction: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Possible Pathogenesis, and Management.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Pooled it
- Systemic Disease Associations of Oral Lichenoid Disease: A Retrospective Case-Control Study.Oral diseases · 2026Article
- Radiomitigators: Breakthroughs in Post-Radiation Recovery.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Predictive modeling of treatment-related thyroid dysfunction and prognostic implication in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma with PD-1 inhibitors.The oncologist · 2026Article
- Dynamic Thyroglobulin Ratio as a Biomarker to Identify Papillary Thyroid Cancer Patients Who Would Benefit from a Low-Iodine Diet.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness of chemo-immunotherapy combinations for recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an updated systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis.Translational cancer research · 2025Article
- Early proteomic response in thyroid gland after 131I administration in female Balb/c mice.Radiation protection dosimetry · 2025Article
- Occupational Radiation Exposure and Thyroid Nodules in Healthcare Workers: A Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The synergistic effects of citicoline and silymarin on liver injury and thyroid hormone disturbances in γ-irradiated rats.Molecular biology reports · 2025Article
- Thyroid-sparing volume-modulated arc therapy in patients with non-distant metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a feasibility study.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Low-dose proton induced genetic alteration in cingulate cortex and declined its relevant cognitive function in behaviors.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2025Article
- Thyroid Screening Techniques via Bioelectromagnetic Sensing: Imaging Models and Analytical and Computational Methods.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Autoimmune thyroid disease and ovarian hypofunction: a review of literature.Journal of ovarian research · 2024Review
- An Overview of Appropriate Medical Practice and Preparedness in Radiation Emergency Response.Cureus · 2024Review
- Radiation-Related Thyroid Cancer.Endocrine reviews · 2024Review
- Bilateral Shifts in Deuterium Supply Similarly Change Physiology of the Pituitary-Thyroid Axis, but Differentially Influence NaInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Changes in Secretion of the Thyroid and Pituitary Glands with a Gradual Decrease in Deuterium Body Content.Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine · 2023Article
- Recent advances in graves ophthalmopathy medical therapy: a comprehensive literature review.International ophthalmology · 2023Review
- The Evaluation and Management of Visceral Complications in Radiation Fibrosis Syndrome Part 1.Current physical medicine and rehabilitation reports · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The thyroid gland is among the organs at the greatest risk of cancer from ionizing radiation. Epidemiological evidence from survivors of radiation therapy, atomic bombing, and the Chernobyl reactor accident, clearly shows that radiation exposure in childhood can cause thyroid cancer and benign thyroid nodules. Radiation exposure also may induce hypothyroidism and autoimmune reactions against the thyroid, but these effects are less well-documented. The literature includes only a few, methodologically weak animal studies regarding genetic/molecular mechanisms underlying hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity after radiation exposure. Rather, evidence about radiation-induced hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity derives mainly from follow-up studies in patients treated with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) or iodine-131, and from epidemiological studies in the atomic bombing or nuclear accident survivors. Historically, hypothyroidism after external irradiation of the thyroid in adulthood was considered not to develop below a 10-20 Gy dose threshold. Newer data suggest a 10 Gy threshold after EBRT. By contrast, data from patients after iodine-131 "internal radiation therapy" of Graves´ disease indicate that hypothyroidism rarely occurs below thyroid doses of 50 Gy. Studies in children affected by the Chernobyl accident indicate that the dose threshold for hypothyroidism may be considerably lower, 3-5 Gy, aligning with observations in A-bomb survivors exposed as children. The reasons for these dose differences in radiosensitivity are not fully understood. Other important questions about the development of hypothyroidism after radiation exposure e.g., in utero, about the interaction between autoimmunity and hypofunction, and about the different effects of internal and external irradiation still must be answered.
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