ArticleClinical oral investigations2021
Limited antimicrobial efficacy of oral care antiseptics in microcosm biofilms and phenotypic adaptation of bacteria upon repeated exposure.
Article in Clinical oral investigations, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Propolis-containing formulations in caries prevention - a systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical oral investigations · 2026Pooled it
- Development of oral dysbiosis following use of antimicrobial mouthwashes: a systematic review.Odontology · 2026Pooled it
- Fermented lingonberry juice's effects on active MMP-8 (aMMP-8), bleeding on probing (BOP), and visible plaque index (VPI) in dental implants-A clinical pilot mouthwash study.Clinical and experimental dental research · 2022Trial
- Protein Expression Profiles of Antiseptic-AdaptedMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Effect of Antiseptic Mouthwash/Gargling Solutions on SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load: A Randomized Clinical Trial.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Antibiotic resistance and biofilm forming capacity of supragingival bacteria in healthy and caries patients.Frontiers in oral health · 2026Article
- Effects of Various Local Antibacterial Preparations on Bacterial Density in Pharyngeal and Tonsillar Mucosa of Patients with Acute Pharyngitis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Observational
- Effect of Mouth Rinsing and Antiseptic Solutions on Periodontitis Bacteria in an In Vitro Oral Human Biofilm Model.Dentistry journal · 2025Article
- Antimicrobial Activity of Methylene Blue Associated with Photodynamic Therapy: In Vitro Study in Multi-Species Oral Biofilm.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Chlorhexidine digluconate mouthwash alters the oral microbial composition and affects the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Revisiting Oral Antiseptics, Microorganism Targets and Effectiveness.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Review
- Preprocedural mouthwashes for infection control in dentistry-an update.Clinical oral investigations · 2023Review
- The Optimal Effective Concentration Combination (OPECC) as a Novel Method for Evaluating the Effects of Binary Application of Antibacterial Compounds.Microorganisms · 2023Article
- The Interaction of Two Widely Used Endodontic Irrigants, Chlorhexidine and Sodium Hypochlorite, and Its Impact on the Disinfection Protocol during Root Canal Treatment.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Disinfectant Susceptibility of Third-Generation-Cephalosporin/Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from the Oral Cavity of Residents of Long-Term-Care Facilities.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2023Article
- Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against oral biofilm: influencing factors, mechanisms, and combined actions with other strategies.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Review
- Alkyl trimethyl ammonium bromide for the formulation of antibacterial orthodontic resins.Clinical oral investigations · 2022Article
- Antibiotic Resistance of Selected Bacteria after Treatment of the Supragingival Biofilm with Subinhibitory Chlorhexidine Concentrations.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Phenotypic Adaptation to Antiseptics and Effects on Biofilm Formation Capacity and Antibiotic Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Early Colonizers in Dental Plaque.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Transcriptomic Stress Response inMicroorganisms · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesThe aims of this study were to investigate the antimicrobial efficacy of antiseptics in saliva-derived microcosm biofilms, and to examine phenotypic adaption of bacteria upon repeated exposure to sub-inhibitory antiseptic concentrations.
methodsSaliva-derived biofilms were formed mimicking caries- or gingivitis-associated conditions, respectively. Microbial compositions were analyzed by semiconductor-based 16S rRNA sequencing. Biofilms were treated with CHX, CPC, BAC, ALX, and DQC for 1 or 10 min, and colony forming units (CFU) were evaluated. Phenotypic adaptation of six selected bacterial reference strains toward CHX, CPC, and BAC was assessed by measuring minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) over 10 passages of sub-inhibitory exposure. Protein expression profiles were investigated by SDS-PAGE.
resultsBoth biofilms showed outgrowth of streptococci and Veillonella spp., while gingivitis biofilms also showed increased relative abundances of Actinomyces, Granulicatella, and Gemella spp. Antiseptic treatment for 1 min led to no relevant CFU-reductions despite for CPC. When treated for 10 min, CPC was most effective followed by BAC, ALX, CHX, and DQC. Stable adaptations with up to fourfold MIC increases were found in E. coli toward all tested antiseptics, in E. faecalis toward CHX and BAC, and in S. aureus toward CPC. Adapted E. coli strains showed different protein expression as compared with the wildtype strain.
conclusionAntiseptics showed limited antimicrobial efficacy toward mature biofilms when applied for clinically relevant treatment periods. Bacteria showed phenotypic adaptation upon repeated sub-inhibitory exposure. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Clinicians should be aware that wide-spread use of antiseptics may pose the risk of inducing resistances in oral bacteria.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.