ArticleEuropean journal of clinical nutrition2021
Urinary sodium and iodine concentrations among Belgian adults: results from the first national Health Examination Survey.
Article in European journal of clinical nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cross sectional study on the prevalence and associated factors of iodine status in the population of Lausanne.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- High-dose versus low-dose block-and-replace treatment for a first episode of Graves' disease.European thyroid journal · 2025Article
- Adequate iodine nutrition and higher salt intake in Chinese adults aged 18-59 years recommended by international organizations.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Intra-amniotic levothyroxine infusions in a case of fetal goiter due to novelClinical case reports · 2021Article
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8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesIodine deficiency and excessive salt intakes have adverse health consequences. The objective was to measure sodium and iodine concentrations in urine spot samples among a representative sample of Belgian adults and compare those to World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. SUBJECTS/
methodsSpot urine samples were collected in 2018 from participants of the Belgian Health Examination Survey. Iodine and sodium concentrations were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and ion selective electrodes respectively. Tanaka and INTERSALT equations were used to predict 24-h urinary sodium excretion using sodium and creatinine concentration in spot samples, sex, and measured height and weight.
resultsMedian urinary iodine concentration (UIC) among adults (n = 1092) was 93.6 µg/L, indicating mild iodine deficiency according to WHO thresholds. Median UIC among participants who reported thyroid problems over the last year was significantly higher than among those who did not report thyroid problems (104.1 µg/L versus UIC = 92.2 µg/L, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in median UIC between sexes, age groups, and regions. The average salt intake among Belgian adults (n = 1120) was 8.3 ± 0.1 g/day using the Tanaka equation and 9.4 ± 0.1 g/day using the INTERSALT equation. For both equations, <5% of the population met the recommended WHO upper salt intake level of 5 g/day.
conclusionsIodine nutrition in the Belgian adult, nonpregnant population likely indicates mild iodine deficiency as the median UIC was below the WHO threshold for iodine sufficiency. Salt intake was substantially higher than the WHO recommendations. Further policy efforts are needed to optimize iodine and reduce salt intake in Belgium.
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