ArticleTranslational psychiatry2020
Structural neuroimaging biomarkers for obsessive-compulsive disorder in the ENIGMA-OCD consortium: medication matters.
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50citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
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Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Genome-wide analyses identify 30 loci associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder.Nature genetics · 2025Pooled it
- Evaluation of Risk of Bias in Neuroimaging-Based Artificial Intelligence Models for Psychiatric Diagnosis: A Systematic Review.JAMA network open · 2023Pooled it
- Shape analysis of subcortical structures in obsessive-compulsive disorder and the relationship with comorbid anxiety, depression, and medication use: A meta-analysis by the OCD Brain Imaging Consortium.Brain and behavior · 2022Pooled it
- ENIGMA and global neuroscience: A decade of large-scale studies of the brain in health and disease across more than 40 countries.Translational psychiatry · 2020Pooled it
- Regional Cerebellar Volumetrics in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An ENIGMA-OCD Study.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2026Article
- A 3D Brain Geometry Toolkit for Multisite Neuroimaging Analysis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Altered frontal and occipital cortical microstructure in obsessive-compulsive disorder - a multisite mega-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Multimodal network localization of brain abnormalities and neuromodulation target identification in obsessive-compulsive disorder.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Toward trustworthy clinical AI for obsessive-compulsive disorder: reliability, generalizability, and interpretability of a transformer model across the ENIGMA-OCD consortium.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Global scientific trends on neuroimaging in obsessive-compulsive disorder in the early twenty-first century: a bibliometric analysis and visualization analysis.Annals of general psychiatry · 2026Review
- Genome-wide analyses identify 30 loci associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Brain Network Abnormalities in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Insights from Edge Functional Connectivity Analysis.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Altered eotaxin-1 and interleukin-34 levels in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a case-control observational study in Bangladesh.Osong public health and research perspectives · 2025Article
- Unraveling Gender Differences in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Focus on Key Micronutrients.Cureus · 2025Article
- Adaptive Whole-Brain Dynamics Predictive Method: Relevancy to Mental Disorders.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Article
- Artificial Intelligence in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Systematic Review.Current treatment options in psychiatry · 2025Review
- Ketogenic Diet as a Nutritional Metabolic Intervention for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Current best practices and future opportunities for reproducible findings using large-scale neuroimaging in psychiatry.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Review
- Dataset factors associated with age-related changes in brain structure and function in neurodevelopmental conditions.Human brain mapping · 2024Article
- Atypical neurocognitive functioning in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
92 authors.
Willem B BruinAmsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands. willembenjamin@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0672-8903
Luke TaylorDepartment of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford, UK.
Rajat M ThomasAmsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Jonathan P ShockDepartment of mathematics and applied mathematics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3757-0376
Paul ZhutovskyAmsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3737-6258
Yoshinari AbeDepartment of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8348-0801
Pino AlonsoDepartment of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
Stephanie H AmeisThe Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth and Family Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
Alan AnticevicDepartment of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
Paul D ArnoldMathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2496-4624
Francesca AssognaLaboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
Francesco BenedettiPsychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4949-856X
Jan C BeuckeDepartment of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Premika S W BoedhoeAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Irene BollettiniPsychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.
Anushree BoseObsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Clinic Department of Psychiatry National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
Silvia BremDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Brian P BrennanMcLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02115, USA.
Jan K BuitelaarDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8288-7757
Rosa CalvoDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9572-4228
Yuqi ChengDepartment of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
Kang Ik K ChoInstitute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Sara DallaspeziaPsychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.
Damiaan DenysAmsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3191-3844
Benjamin A ElyDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3019-0090
Jamie D FeusnerDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 94612, USA.
Kate D FitzgeraldDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
Jean-Paul FoucheDepartment of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Egill A FridgeirssonAmsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Patricia GrunerDepartment of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
Deniz A GürselDepartment of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany.
Tobias U HauserDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7997-8137
Yoshiyuki HiranoResearch Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3844-3061
Marcelo Q HoexterDepartamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clinicas, IPQ HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brasil.
Hao HuShanghai Mental Health Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Chaim HuyserDe Bascule, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8757-3124
Iliyan IvanovDivision of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
Anthony JamesDepartment of Psychiatry, , Oxford University, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2742-8328
Fern Jaspers-FayerUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
Norbert KathmannDepartment of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Christian KaufmannDepartment of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Kathrin KochDepartment of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany.
Masaru KunoResearch Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
Gerd KvaleBergen Center for Brain Plasticity, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
Jun Soo KwonDepartment of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1060-1462
Yanni LiuDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
Christine LochnerSAMRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Luisa LázaroDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain.
Paulo MarquesLife and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
Rachel MarshColumbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
Ignacio Martínez-ZalacaínDepartment of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
David Mataix-ColsDepartment of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
José M MenchónDepartment of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6231-6524
Luciano MinuzziDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada.
Pedro S MoreiraLife and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
Astrid MorerDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain.
Pedro MorgadoLife and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3880-3258
Akiko NakagawaResearch Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
Takashi NakamaeDepartment of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4265-198X
Tomohiro NakaoDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Janardhanan C NarayanaswamyObsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Clinic Department of Psychiatry National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
Erika L NurmiDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 94612, USA.
Joseph O'NeillDivision of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Jane and Terry Semel Institute For Neurosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 94612, USA.
Jose C ParienteMagnetic Resonance Image Core Facility, IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain.
Chris PerrielloMcLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02115, USA.
John PiacentiniDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 94612, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4195-7194
Fabrizio PirasLaboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3566-5494
Federica PirasLaboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
Y C Janardhan ReddyObsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Clinic Department of Psychiatry National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
Oana G Rus-OswaldUniversity of Zürich, University Hospital Zürich, Dept. Neuroradiology, Zürich, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2952-5583
Yuki SakaiDepartment of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2475-8548
João R SatoCenter of Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil.
Lianne SchmaalOrygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9822-048X
Eiji ShimizuResearch Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
H Blair SimpsonColumbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
Noam SoreniPediatric OCD Consultation service, Anxiety Treatment and Research Center, St. Joseph's HealthCare, Hamilton, ON, L9C 0E3, Canada.
Carles Soriano-MasDepartment of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4574-6597
Gianfranco SpallettaLaboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
Emily R SternDepartment of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
Michael C StevensOlin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3799-5465
S Evelyn StewartUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
Philip R SzeszkoIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
David F TolinInstitute of Living/Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, 06119, USA.
Ganesan VenkatasubramanianObsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Clinic Department of Psychiatry National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0949-898X
Zhen WangShanghai Mental Health Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4319-5314
Je-Yeon YunSeoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5531-2410
Daan van RooijDepartment of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
ENIGMA-OCD Working Group
Paul M ThompsonImaging Genetics Center, Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA.
Odile A van den HeuvelAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Dan J SteinSAMRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7218-7810
Guido A van WingenAmsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands. g.a.vanwingen@amsterdamumc.nl.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3076-5891
Funding
Yale Clinical and Translational Science Award (U Component)UL1TR001863 · NCATS · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI John H. Krystal, LUCILA OHNO-MACHADO · 2016 to 2026
$102.9MMount Sinai Institutes for Clinical and Translational SciencesUL1TR000067 · NCATS · ICAHN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT MOUNT SINAI · PI SAMPSON, HUGH A · 2012 to 2014
$16.5MTraining U54EB020403 · NIBIB · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI THOMPSON, PAUL M · 2014 to 2018
$10.1MNeurobiology of sensory phenomena in obsessive-compulsive disorderR01MH111794 · NIMH · NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE · PI STERN, EMILY R · 2017 to 2021
$3.0MDimensional Brain Behavior Predictors of CBT Outcomes in Pediatric AnxietyR01MH107419 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI MONK, CHRISTOPHER STEPHEN · 2016 to 2020
$3.0MCognitive-Behavioral Therapy & Glutametergic Neurometabolites in Pediatric OCDR01MH081864 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI O'NEILL, JOSEPH, PIACENTINI, JOHN C. · 2008 to 2012
$3.0MMount Sinai Institutes for Clinical and Translational SciencesKL2TR000069 · NCATS · ICAHN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT MOUNT SINAI · PI SAMPSON, HUGH A · 2012 to 2014
$2.3MCognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Glutamate in Cingulate Gyrus in OCDR01MH085900 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI FEUSNER, JAMIE, O'NEILL, JOSEPH · 2011 to 2014
$1.8MThe effects of ondansetron on neural systems and symptoms associated with sensory phenomenaR33MH107589 · NIMH · NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE · PI STERN, EMILY R · 2017 to 2019
$1.4MFrontoparietal Network Integrity and Risk for PsychosisK23MH104515 · NIMH · MCLEAN HOSPITAL · PI BAKER, JUSTIN T · 2014 to 2018
$907kPatient Oriented Research and Mentorship and Training in Functional Neuroimaging of Obsessive-Compulsive DisorderK24MH121571 · NIMH · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI PITTENGER, CHRISTOPHER JOHN · 2020 to 2024
$900kfMRI study of developing medial prefrontal cortical function in pediatric OCDK23MH082176 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI FITZGERALD, KATE DIMOND · 2008 to 2012
$899kNCATS NIH HHS KL2 TR000069NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR000067NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001863NIBIB NIH HHS U54 EB020403NIDA NIH HHS R21 DA045218NIDA NIH HHS R21 DA046029NIMH NIH HHS K23 MH082176NIMH NIH HHS K23 MH092397NIMH NIH HHS K23 MH104515NIMH NIH HHS K23 MH115206NIMH NIH HHS K24 MH121571NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH081864NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH085900NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH107419NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH111794NIMH NIH HHS R21 MH093889NIMH NIH HHS R21 MH101441NIMH NIH HHS R21 MH110865NIMH NIH HHS R33 MH107589Wellcome TrustWellcome Trust 064846
Abstract
No diagnostic biomarkers are available for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Here, we aimed to identify magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) biomarkers for OCD, using 46 data sets with 2304 OCD patients and 2068 healthy controls from the ENIGMA consortium. We performed machine learning analysis of regional measures of cortical thickness, surface area and subcortical volume and tested classification performance using cross-validation. Classification performance for OCD vs. controls using the complete sample with different classifiers and cross-validation strategies was poor. When models were validated on data from other sites, model performance did not exceed chance-level. In contrast, fair classification performance was achieved when patients were grouped according to their medication status. These results indicate that medication use is associated with substantial differences in brain anatomy that are widely distributed, and indicate that clinical heterogeneity contributes to the poor performance of structural MRI as a disease marker.
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Obsessive-Compulsive DisorderBiomarkersBrainHumansMagnetic Resonance ImagingNeuroimagingBiomarkers
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