Observational studyScience immunology2020
Persistence of serum and saliva antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike antigens in COVID-19 patients.
Observational study in Science immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04944095 (Serology Testing), which is not on this map. Cited by 548 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Serology Testing (Antibody Levels) With Time Following SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) Vaccinations in Residents of Nursing, Extended Care, and Over-55 Communities
Who cites it
548 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 909 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 seroassay sensitivity: a systematic review and modelling study.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Vaccine-induced T cell responses correlate with reduced risk of severe COVID-19 in a placebo-controlled efficacy trial.EBioMedicine · 2025Trial
- Longitudinal antibody correlates of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a US household cohort during Omicron waves.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Nanomaterial-Enabled Fiber-Optic SPR Biosensor for Continuous and Noninvasive Body Fluid Monitoring:Progress and Prospects.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Megakaryocytes Internalize and Are Activated by Immune Complexes.Circulation research · 2026Article
- Longitudinal Salivary Immunophenotyping Reveals Distinct Cellular Signatures of Periodontal Disease Activity and Resolution.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The role of mucosal IgA in protection against influenza A H1N1 virus infection in a real-world setting.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Combating respiratory diseases with mucosal vaccines.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccine Antibody Responses in Two Canadian Cohorts of Persons Living with HIV.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Association of COVID-19 vaccines and antibody response in individuals with prior Coronavirus infection.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Modeling of longitudinal immune profiles reveals distinct immunogenic signatures following five COVID-19 vaccinations among people living with HIV.Patterns (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Article
- Salivary IgG Antibody Response to SARS-CoV-2 as a Non-Invasive Assessment of Immune Response-Differences Between Vaccinated Children and Adults.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Surrogate virus neutralization test to determine salivary neutralizing antibody inhibition of ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD complex.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Neutralising antibody responses to emerging SARS-CoV-2 omicron sub-variants are enhanced in persons with hybrid immunity.Clinical & translational immunology · 2026Article
- Early functional maturation of anti-Spike antibodies predicts efficient SARS-CoV-2 RNA clearance.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- A sensitive colorimetric ELISA to measure allergen-specific salivary SIgA for monitoring sublingual immunity efficiency in pollinosis SLIT.Frontiers in allergy · 2026Article
- Clinical and Immunological Recovery Trajectories in Severe COVID-19 Survivors: A 12-Month Prospective Follow-Up Study.Viruses · 2025Article
- Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response across Diverse Clinical Settings in Oman: Insights from a Prospective ELISA-based Study.IJID regions · 2025Article
488 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
36 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
While the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 has been extensively studied in blood, relatively little is known about the antibody response in saliva and its relationship to systemic antibody levels. Here, we profiled by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) IgG, IgA and IgM responses to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (full length trimer) and its receptor-binding domain (RBD) in serum and saliva of acute and convalescent patients with laboratory-diagnosed COVID-19 ranging from 3-115 days post-symptom onset (PSO), compared to negative controls. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses were readily detected in serum and saliva, with peak IgG levels attained by 16-30 days PSO. Longitudinal analysis revealed that anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgM antibodies rapidly decayed, while IgG antibodies remained relatively stable up to 105 days PSO in both biofluids. Lastly, IgG, IgM and to a lesser extent IgA responses to spike and RBD in the serum positively correlated with matched saliva samples. This study confirms that serum and saliva IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 are maintained in the majority of COVID-19 patients for at least 3 months PSO. IgG responses in saliva may serve as a surrogate measure of systemic immunity to SARS-CoV-2 based on their correlation with serum IgG responses.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.