ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2020
The CNS and the Brain Tumor Microenvironment: Implications for Glioblastoma Immunotherapy.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Epigenetic Underpinnings of Inflammation: A Key to Unlock the Tumor Microenvironment in Glioblastoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- IRAK4 Regulates NF-κB signaling to suppress CD8 + T cell activity and promote immune evasion in glioblastoma development.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2026Article
- Review
- Current Status and Evolution of Immunotherapy in Glioma Management.International journal of medical sciences · 2026Review
- Choroid plexus volume variation in patients with gliomas, glioneuronal and neuronal tumors: Associations with tumor characteristics.PloS one · 2026Observational
- Combined Tumor Cell and Lysate-Based Vaccines for Immunotherapy of Primary and Recurrent Glioblastoma (GBM).Cancers · 2025Review
- Article
- Recent developments in peptide vaccines against Glioblastoma, a review and update.Molecular brain · 2025Review
- Recent developments in peptide vaccines against Glioblastoma, a review and update.Molecular brain · 2025Review
- Global trends and burden of brain and central nervous system cancers in adolescents and young adults GBD 2021 study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Immune response recalibration using immune therapy and biomimetic nano-therapy against high-grade gliomas and brain metastases.Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2025Review
- The Role of Gut Microbiome on Glioblastoma Oncogenesis and Malignant Evolution.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Immune Cell Interplay in the Fight Against GBM.Cancers · 2025Review
- The interaction between dysfunction of vasculature and tauopathy in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Review
- Applications of Nanomedicine in Brain Tumor Therapy: Nanocarrierbased Drug Delivery Platforms, Challenges, and Perspectives.Recent patents on nanotechnology · 2025Review
- Discovery of miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks in glioblastoma reveals novel insights into tumor microenvironment remodeling.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Pulsed focused ultrasound alters the proteomic profile of the tumor microenvironment in a syngeneic mouse model of glioblastoma.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2024Article
- Diffusion kurtosis imaging-based habitat analysis identifies high-risk molecular subtypes and heterogeneity matching in diffuse gliomas.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2024Article
- An Update on the Clinical Status, Challenges, and Future Directions of Oncolytic Virotherapy for Malignant Gliomas.Current treatment options in oncology · 2024Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive malignant primary brain tumor in adults. Its aggressive nature is attributed partly to its deeply invasive margins, its molecular and cellular heterogeneity, and uniquely tolerant site of origin-the brain. The immunosuppressive central nervous system (CNS) and GBM microenvironments are significant obstacles to generating an effective and long-lasting anti-tumoral response, as evidenced by this tumor's reduced rate of treatment response and high probability of recurrence. Immunotherapy has revolutionized patients' outcomes across many cancers and may open new avenues for patients with GBM. There is now a range of immunotherapeutic strategies being tested in patients with GBM that target both the innate and adaptive immune compartment. These strategies include antibodies that re-educate tumor macrophages, vaccines that introduce tumor-specific dendritic cells, checkpoint molecule inhibition, engineered T cells, and proteins that help T cells engage directly with tumor cells. Despite this, there is still much ground to be gained in improving the response rates of the various immunotherapies currently being trialed. Through historical and contemporary studies, we examine the fundamentals of CNS immunity that shape how to approach immune modulation in GBM, including the now revamped concept of CNS privilege. We also discuss the preclinical models used to study GBM progression and immunity. Lastly, we discuss the immunotherapeutic strategies currently being studied to help overcome the hurdles of the blood-brain barrier and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.