ArticleWorld psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA)2021
Increased risk of COVID-19 infection and mortality in people with mental disorders: analysis from electronic health records in the United States.
Article in World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 356 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
356 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 626 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vaccination and clozapine use: a systematic review and an analysis of the VAERS database.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2025Pooled it
- COVID-19 risk, course and outcome in people with mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analyses.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, severe COVID-19 illness and COVID-19 mortality in people with pre-existing mental disorders: an umbrella review.BMC psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Clozapine Therapy and COVID-19: A Systematic Review of the Prevalence Rates, Health Outcomes, Hematological Markers, and Patient Perspectives.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2023Pooled it
- Prevalence of depression, anxiety in China during the COVID-19 pandemic: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Psychotropic drug repurposing for COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- Comparative Effectiveness of Multiple Exercise Interventions in the Treatment of Mental Health Disorders: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.Sports medicine - open · 2022Pooled it
- Effectiveness of a video-based intervention for COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among individuals with mental disorders: a randomized online experiment.Frontiers in public health · 2026Trial
- The effectiveness of nature-based therapy for community psychological distress and well-being during COVID-19: a multi-site trial.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- Evaluation of an Audio-Visual Novela to Improve COVID-19 Knowledge and Safe Practices Among Spanish-Speaking Individuals with Schizophrenia.Journal of immigrant and minority health · 2023Trial
- Hospitalisation and mortality outcomes after second COVID-19 vaccination among Australians living with severe mental illness: Findings from a matched case-control study using national data linkage.The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry · 2026Observational
- Differential burden of five major mental disorders in the United States across the COVID-19 pandemic.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- The association between inflammatory markers in routine blood counts at 1 year and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A case-control study.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Article
- Assessing Adherence to Preventive Behaviors Among Patients with Mental Illness in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Mortality Risks in Patients With Schizophrenia in Shanghai: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.Actas espanolas de psiquiatria · 2026Article
- Observational
- Unconventional multi-morbidity patterns in older adults: results from 39,172 Chinese health examination population at primary healthcare centers.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Article
- Severe Outcomes and Length of Stay Among People With Schizophrenia Hospitalized for COVID-19: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Beyond healthcare access: social deprivation and COVID-19 outcomes in dialysis patients in the provence-alpes-côte d'Azur region, France.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
296 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Concerns have been expressed that persons with a pre-existing mental disorder may represent a population at increased risk for COVID-19 infec-tion and with a higher likelihood of adverse outcomes of the infection, but there is no systematic research evidence in this respect. This study assessed the impact of a recent (within past year) diagnosis of a mental disorder - including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, depression and schizophrenia - on the risk for COVID-19 infection and related mortality and hospitalization rates. We analyzed a nation-wide database of electronic health records of 61 million adult patients from 360 hospitals and 317,000 providers, across 50 states in the US, up to July 29, 2020. Patients with a recent diagnosis of a mental disorder had a significantly increased risk for COVID-19 infection, an effect strongest for depression (adjusted odds ratio, AOR=7.64, 95% CI: 7.45-7.83, p<0.001) and schizophrenia (AOR=7.34, 95% CI: 6.65-8.10, p<0.001). Among patients with a recent diagnosis of a mental disorder, African Americans had higher odds of COVID-19 infection than Caucasians, with the strongest ethnic disparity for depression (AOR=3.78, 95% CI: 3.58-3.98, p<0.001). Women with mental disorders had higher odds of COVID-19 infection than males, with the strongest gender disparity for ADHD (AOR=2.03, 95% CI: 1.73-2.39, p<0.001). Patients with both a recent diagnosis of a mental disorder and COVID-19 infection had a death rate of 8.5% (vs. 4.7% among COVID-19 patients with no mental disorder, p<0.001) and a hospitalization rate of 27.4% (vs. 18.6% among COVID-19 patients with no mental disorder, p<0.001). These findings identify individuals with a recent diagnosis of a mental disorder as being at increased risk for COVID-19 infection, which is further exacerbated among African Americans and women, and as having a higher frequency of some adverse outcomes of the infection. This evidence highlights the need to identify and address modifiable vulnerability factors for COVID-19 infection and to prevent delays in health care provision in this population.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.