ReviewNature reviews. Microbiology2021
Viral and host heterogeneity and their effects on the viral life cycle.
Review in Nature reviews. Microbiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 82 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 163 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neuronal Apoptotic Bodies Facilitate Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection and Pathogenicity.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Inferring single-cell heterogeneity of bacteriophage lysis-associated life-history traits from population-scale dynamics.Science advances · 2026Article
- Reconstructing EBV reactivation and DNA damage response kinetics in morphologic pseudotime.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Visualizing infection by single positive-sense RNA viruses using virus infection real-time imaging (VIRIM).Nature protocols · 2026Review
- HSPA5 induces autophagy targeting VP2 through the PERK-eIF2α signaling pathway to inhibit SVA replication.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Host-Induced Gene Silencing ofCurrent issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Archaic Introgression Shapes Genetic Variation at Loci Associated With DNA Virus Load in Modern Humans.Genome biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Subcellular reorganization upon phage infection reveals stepwise assembly of viral particles from membrane-associated precursors.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic and RNA Modification Landscape of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Revealed by Nanopore Direct RNA Sequencing.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- scDEcrypter: Uncertainty-aware differential expression analysis for viral infection in scRNA-seq.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Chimeric antigen receptor T‑cell therapy in chronic viral infections: a review.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Household SARS-CoV-2 transmission during Omicron wave in Chiang Mai, Thailand: a prospective observational study.The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2026Article
- ZBP1 as a dynamic monitor of viral replication: implications for therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Identification of Virus-Host Interactions.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Carbon Quantum Dots Assisted Virus Tracking: From Skin to Brain.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- Searching for a HIV-1 Cure.Theranostics · 2026Review
- Viral Systemic Movement Is Enhanced by Alteration of a Structural Phloem Protein by the Insect Vector.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Heterogeneity in an adeno-associated virus transfection-based production process limits the production efficiency.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Viral zoonosis and human cancer: a perspective.Infectious agents and cancer · 2025Review
- Reconstructing EBV reactivation and DNA damage response kinetics in morphologic pseudotime.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Traditionally, the viral replication cycle is envisioned as a single, well-defined loop with four major steps: attachment and entry into a target cell, replication of the viral genome, maturation of viral proteins and genome packaging into infectious progeny, and egress and dissemination to the next target cell. However, for many viruses, a growing body of evidence points towards extreme heterogeneity in each of these steps. In this Review, we reassess the major steps of the viral replication cycle by highlighting recent advances that show considerable variability during viral infection. First, we discuss heterogeneity in entry receptors, followed by a discussion on error-prone and low-fidelity polymerases and their impact on viral diversity. Next, we cover the implications of heterogeneity in genome packaging and assembly on virion morphology. Last, we explore alternative egress mechanisms, including tunnelling nanotubes and host microvesicles. In summary, we discuss the implications of viral phenotypic, morphological and genetic heterogeneity on pathogenesis and medicine. This Review highlights common themes and unique features that give nuance to the viral replication cycle.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.