ArticleThe pharmacogenomics journal2021
Relationships between CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 metabolic phenotypes and genotypes in a Nicaraguan Mestizo population.
Article in The pharmacogenomics journal, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of Native American, European, and African Ancestry with CYP450 Pharmacogenetics and Metabolic Phenotypes in Admixed Latin American Populations from Ecuador and Nicaragua.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
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- Role of pharmacogenomics for prevention of hypersensitivity reactions induced by aromatic antiseizure medications.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Epigenetics in pharmacogenes encoding metabolizing enzymes of second-generation antipsychotics used in schizophrenia and its clinical implications.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- The Frequency ofPharmaceutics · 2024Article
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- Afro-Latin American Pharmacogenetics ofPharmaceutics · 2024Article
- CYP2C19 loss-of-function is associated with increased risk of hypertension in a Hakka population: a case-control study.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2023Article
- CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genes Associated with Tricontinental and Latin American Ancestry of Pe-ruviansDrug metabolism and bioanalysis letters · 2023Article
- Distribution of a novelFrontiers in genetics · 2023Article
- The impact ofFrontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- A frequent CYP2D6 variant promotes skipping of exon 3 and reduces CYP2D6 protein expression in human liver samples.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- Differences in the Proportion of CYP2C19 Loss-of-Function Between Cerebral Infarction and Coronary Artery Disease Patients.International journal of general medicine · 2023Article
- Article
- CYP450 Genotype-Phenotype Concordance Using the Geneva Micrococktail in a Clinical Setting.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Interethnic variability in the drug-metabolizing capacity of CYP450 enzymes may lead to discrepancies in the relationship between genotypes and phenotypes worldwide. The present study was aimed to analyze for the first time whether there is a relationship between clinically relevant CYP450 genetic polymorphisms and their drug oxidation capacity (metabolic phenotype) in a population of healthy Nicaraguan volunteers. Two hundred and twelve participants were genotyped for CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4, and their actual metabolic phenotype (evaluated by the Metabolic Ratio, MR) was analyzed by using the CEIBA cocktail approach. The results showed the wide interindividual variability in all the studied enzymes and a significant difference (p < 0.004) in the activity of CYP1A2 between male and female subjects. The number of CYP2C19 (p < 0.0001) and CYP2D6 (p < 0.0001) active alleles were shown inversely correlated with their corresponding MR, although there were marked genotype-phenotype discrepancies. There was an actual enzyme capacity overlapping (MR) between genotypically Poor (gPMs) and Extensive Metabolizers (gEMs) of 3.14% subjects for CYP2D6 and 0.94% for CYP2C9. Similarly, there was an overlapping for metabolic phenotypes of 11.48% of genotypically ultrarapid metabolizers (gUMs) for CYP2C19 and 2.09% for CYP2D6 and gEMs. Therefore, the current approach for metabolic phenotype prediction based just on genotype does not predict properly for all individuals within this Nicaraguan Mestizo population, thus representing a potential barrier for the clinical implementation of personalized medicine in this region. However, it is necessary to improve the prediction of phenotype from genotype in order to improve the pharmacogenetic implementation in populations with specific ethnic backgrounds.
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