ArticleCancer immunology research2021
Fructose Promotes Cytoprotection in Melanoma Tumors and Resistance to Immunotherapy.
Article in Cancer immunology research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gut microbiome changes and cancer immunotherapy outcomes associated with dietary interventions: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Oxidized Lipoproteins Promote Resistance to Cancer Immunotherapy Independent of Patient Obesity.Cancer immunology research · 2021Trial
- The lethal symbiont: exploring the pathophysiology of cancer.Physiological reviews · 2026Review
- Aggressive breast cancers secrete heme metabolites to alter macrophage immune suppression and function.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Obesity and melanoma: unraveling the paradoxical survival benefit in immunotherapy.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2026Review
- Gasotransmitters bridging tumor biology and immunity: from pathophysiological insights to therapeutic potential.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Fructose metabolism and its roles in metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, and cancer.Molecular biomedicine · 2025Review
- Nutrition and Diet Patterns as Key Modulators of Metabolic Reprogramming in Melanoma Immunotherapy.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Sweet regulation - The emerging immunoregulatory roles of hexoses.Journal of advanced research · 2025Review
- Metabolic Atlas of Human Eyelid Infiltrative Basal Cell Carcinoma.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Fructose Metabolism in Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications.International journal of medical sciences · 2025Review
- Exploring fructose metabolism as a potential therapeutic approach for pancreatic cancer.Cell death and differentiation · 2024Article
- Obesity-related T cell dysfunction impairs immunosurveillance and increases cancer risk.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Fructose-induced metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Current Status and Molecular Mechanisms of Resistance to Immunotherapy in Oral Malignant Melanoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Interactions of azole-based inhibitors with human heme oxygenase.Journal of inorganic biochemistry · 2023Article
- Non-pharmaceutical interventions to optimize cancer immunotherapy.Oncoimmunology · 2023Review
- Breast cancers co-opt normal mechanisms of tolerance to promote immune evasion and metastasis.American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 2022Review
- Science-Driven Nutritional Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer.Cancer discovery · 2022Article
- HO-1 Limits the Efficacy of Vemurafenib/PLX4032 in BRAFAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Checkpoint blockade immunotherapy relies on the empowerment of the immune system to fight cancer. Why some patients fail to achieve durable clinical responses is not well understood, but unique individual factors such as diet, obesity, and related metabolic syndrome could play a role. The link between obesity and patient outcomes remains controversial and has been mired by conflicting reports and limited mechanistic insight. We addressed this in a C57BL/6 mouse model of diet-induced obesity using a Western diet high in both fats and sugars. Obese mice bearing B16 melanoma or MC38 carcinoma tumors had impaired immune responses to immunotherapy and a reduced capacity to control tumor progression. Unexpectedly, these compromised therapeutic outcomes were independent of body mass and, instead, were directly attributed to dietary fructose. Melanoma tumors in mice on the high-fructose diet were resistant to immunotherapy and showed increased expression of the cytoprotective enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). This increase in HO-1 protein was recapitulated in human A375 melanoma cells exposed to fructose in culture. Induced expression of HO-1 shielded tumor cells from immune-mediated killing and was critical for resistance to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy, which could be overcome
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.