Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33020615›Full record

ArticleNature materials2021

Observation of fluctuation-mediated picosecond nucleation of a topological phase.

Felix Büttner, Bastian Pfau, Marie Böttcher, Michael Schneider, Giuseppe Mercurio, Christian M Günther, Piet Hessing, Christopher Klose, Angela Wittmann, Kathinka Gerlinger and 41 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Nature materials, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
29citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

29 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Light-induced bimerons in a chiral magnet.Nature communications · 2026
    Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Controlled Formation of Skyrmion Bags.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2025
    Article
  14. Article
  15. Hidden domain boundary dynamics toward crystalline perfection.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Transient Non-Collinear Magnetic State for All-Optical Magnetization Switching.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2023
    Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

51 authors.

Felix Büttner *Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Felix.Buettner@helmholtz-berlin.de.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6204-9948
Bastian Pfau *Max-Born-Institut, Berlin, Germany. Bastian.Pfau@mbi-berlin.de.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9057-0346
Marie BöttcherInstitut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
Michael SchneiderMax-Born-Institut, Berlin, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9262-4838
Giuseppe MercurioEuropean XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany.
Christian M GüntherZentraleinrichtung Elektronenmikroskopie (ZELMI), Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3750-7556
Piet HessingMax-Born-Institut, Berlin, Germany.
Christopher KloseMax-Born-Institut, Berlin, Germany.
Angela WittmannDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0005-8048
Kathinka GerlingerMax-Born-Institut, Berlin, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4612-3431
Lisa-Marie KernMax-Born-Institut, Berlin, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9781-9132
Christian StrüberMax-Born-Institut, Berlin, Germany.
Clemens von Korff SchmisingMax-Born-Institut, Berlin, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3159-3489
Josefin FuchsMax-Born-Institut, Berlin, Germany.
Dieter EngelMax-Born-Institut, Berlin, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9255-9554
Alexandra ChurikovaDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8893-2018
Siying HuangDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9108-7791
Daniel SuzukiDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4920-8083
Ivan LemeshDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1130-8003
Mantao HuangDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Lucas CarettaDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
David WederMax-Born-Institut, Berlin, Germany.
John H Gaida4th Physical Institute, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0096-6206
Marcel Möller4th Physical Institute, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2518-5764
Tyler R Harvey4th Physical Institute, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5368-136X
Sergey Zayko4th Physical Institute, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
Kai BagschikDeutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany.
Robert CarleyEuropean XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany.
Laurent MercadierEuropean XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany.
Justine SchlappaEuropean XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany.
Alexander YaroslavtsevEuropean XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7235-7672
Loïc Le GuyarderEuropean XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany.
Natalia GerasimovaEuropean XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany.
Andreas ScherzEuropean XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany.
Carsten DeiterEuropean XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany.
Rafael GortEuropean XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6900-047X
David HickinEuropean XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany.
Jun ZhuEuropean XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany.
Monica TurcatoEuropean XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany.
David LomidzeEuropean XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3936-6942
Florian ErdingerInstitute of Computer Engineering, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
Andrea CastoldiDipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7806-669X
Stefano MaffessantiDeutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany.
Matteo PorroEuropean XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0640-9168
Andrey SamartsevEuropean XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany.
Jairo SinovaInstitut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
Claus Ropers4th Physical Institute, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9539-3817
Johan H MentinkInstitute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4082-1984
Bertrand DupéInstitut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
Geoffrey S D BeachDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9158-7430
Stefan EisebittMax-Born-Institut, Berlin, Germany.

Funding

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) TRR 173 SPIN+XLeibniz-Gemeinschaft (Leibniz Association) K162/2018 (OptiSPIN)United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) HR0011834375
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Topological states of matter exhibit fascinating physics combined with an intrinsic stability. A key challenge is the fast creation of topological phases, which requires massive reorientation of charge or spin degrees of freedom. Here we report the picosecond emergence of an extended topological phase that comprises many magnetic skyrmions. The nucleation of this phase, followed in real time via single-shot soft X-ray scattering after infrared laser excitation, is mediated by a transient topological fluctuation state. This state is enabled by the presence of a time-reversal symmetry-breaking perpendicular magnetic field and exists for less than 300 ps. Atomistic simulations indicate that the fluctuation state largely reduces the topological energy barrier and thereby enables the observed rapid and homogeneous nucleation of the skyrmion phase. These observations provide fundamental insights into the nature of topological phase transitions, and suggest a path towards ultrafast topological switching in a wide variety of materials through intermediate fluctuating states.

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.