ArticleInternational journal of health services : planning, administration, evaluation2021
Gender Equality and Gender Inequalities in Self-Reported Health: A Longitudinal Study of 27 European Countries 2004 to 2016.
Article in International journal of health services : planning, administration, evaluation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Association of Hair Dye Use With Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Factors in the Dutch General Population: A Cross-Sectional Questionnaire-Based Study.Contact dermatitis · 2026Article
- Childhood living conditions as predictors of self-rated health status in middle-aged and older adults: Evidence from a machine learning analysis in 27 high-income countries.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Association Between Physical Activity and Suicidal Ideation: The Moderating Effect of Self-Rated Health Status.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Macro-level determinants of gender differences in the prevalence of major depression and alcohol use disorder in the United States and across Europe.Journal of affective disorders · 2025Article
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- Impact of health spending on hospitalization rates in Baltic countries: a comparative analysis.BMC health services research · 2024Article
- Prevalence of Steinert's Myotonic Dystrophy and Utilization of Healthcare Services: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Gendered life courses and cognitive functioning in later life: the role of context-specific gender norms and lifetime employment.European journal of ageing · 2023Article
- Gender Differences in Migrant Workers Health in China.International journal of public health · 2023Article
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- Association between Precarious Employment and Chronic Stress: Effect of Gender, Stress Measurement and Precariousness Dimensions-A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Study on the Impact of Income Gap on Health Level of Rural Residents in China.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Gender Norms and Gender Equality in Full-Time Employment and Health: A 97-Country Analysis of the World Values Survey.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Disasters, Gender, and HIV Infection: The Impact of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
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Abstract
Significant gender-based health inequalities have been observed across Europe, with women reporting worse health than men. Still, there has been little examination of how the gender-health gap has changed over time, and how it has been shaped by societal gender equality. We used data from the Statistics on Income and Living Conditions Eurostat database (EU-SILC), involving 2,931,081 participants aged 25-64, for 27 European countries. Logistic regressions were performed to model the association between self-reported bad health and gender, in general and over time. Analyses were stratified by employment, education, and clusters of countries according to levels of Gender Equality Index (GEI). Adjusting for age, year, and country, bad health was 17% more likely among women, but this disadvantage ceased after accounting for education and employment. Gender-health inequalities were larger among countries with higher GEI scores and among low-educated groups. The gender-health gap did not reduce significantly between 2004 and 2016, in general and within subgroups. Although societies are becoming more equal, persistent inequalities in employment and income still lead to sustained health differences between men and women.
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