ArticleFrontiers in molecular neuroscience2020
Epidural Electrical Stimulation: A Review of Plasticity Mechanisms That Are Hypothesized to Underlie Enhanced Recovery From Spinal Cord Injury With Stimulation.
Article in Frontiers in molecular neuroscience, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Beyond Pain Relief: Motor Effects of Spinal Cord Stimulation in Chronic Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury During Routine Outpatient Rehabilitation-A Case Report.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Predict neuromuscular performance in human epidural electrical stimulation: phase 1 trial interim results.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Biologically-constrained spiking neural network for neuromodulation in locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- Detailed Kinematic Analysis Reveals Subtleties of Recovery from Contusion Injury in the Rat Model with DREADDs Afferent Neuromodulation.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Nanogenerator Neuromodulation to Enable Locomotion Rehabilitation for Spinal Cord Injury via Epidural Electrical Stimulation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Feasibility and safety of automated multi-channel FES-assisted gait training in incomplete spinal cord injury.Journal of rehabilitation medicine · 2025Article
- Pathophysiologic Mechanisms of Severe Spinal Cord Injury and Neuroplasticity Following Decompressive Laminectomy and Expansive Duraplasty: A Systematic Review.Neurology international · 2025Review
- Activity of spinal RORβ neurons is related to functional improvements following combination treatment after complete SCI.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Grid-based transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation: probing neuromodulatory effect in spinal flexion reflex circuits.Journal of neural engineering · 2025Article
- Spinal Cord Stimulation for Functional Restoration in Spinal Cord Injury: A Narrative Review.Cureus · 2025Review
- Role of Epidural Electrode Stimulation in Three Patients with Incomplete AIS D Spinal Cord Injury.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Effect of epidural spinal cord stimulation in individuals with sensorimotor complete spinal cord injury: a pilot study.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2025Article
- Chemogenetic Tools and their Use in Studies of Neuropsychiatric Disorders.Physiological research · 2024Review
- Unintentionally intentional: unintended effects of spinal stimulation as a platform for multi-modal neurorehabilitation after spinal cord injury.Bioelectronic medicine · 2024Review
- Electrical Stimulation and Motor Function Rehabilitation in Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review.Cureus · 2024Review
- The effect of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation on the balance and neurophysiological characteristics of young healthy adults.Wearable technologies · 2024Article
- Large-scale real-world data on a multidisciplinary approach to spinal cord stimulation for persistent spinal pain syndromes: first evaluation of the Neuro-PainFrontiers in neuroscience · 2024Article
- Rehabilitation Training after Spinal Cord Injury Affects Brain Structure and Function: From Mechanisms to Methods.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Spinal cord stimulation for spinal cord injury - Where do we stand? A narrative review.Journal of clinical orthopaedics and trauma · 2023Article
- Advances in Spinal Cord Neuromodulation: The Integration of Neuroengineering, Computational Approaches, and Innovative Conceptual Frameworks.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often results in life-long sensorimotor impairment. Spontaneous recovery from SCI is limited, as supraspinal fibers cannot spontaneously regenerate to form functional networks below the level of injury. Despite this, animal models and humans exhibit many motor behaviors indicative of recovery when electrical stimulation is applied epidurally to the dorsal aspect of the lumbar spinal cord. In 1976, epidural stimulation was introduced to alleviate spasticity in Multiple Sclerosis. Since then, epidural electrical stimulation (EES) has been demonstrated to improve voluntary mobility across the knee and/or ankle in several SCI patients, highlighting its utility in enhancing motor activation. The mechanisms that EES induces to drive these improvements in sensorimotor function remain largely unknown. In this review, we discuss several sensorimotor plasticity mechanisms that we hypothesize may enable epidural stimulation to promote recovery, including changes in local lumbar circuitry, propriospinal interneurons, and the internal model. Finally, we discuss genetic tools for afferent modulation as an emerging method to facilitate the search for the mechanisms of action.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.