ReviewMayo Clinic proceedings2020
COVID-19 and Sex Differences: Mechanisms and Biomarkers.
Review in Mayo Clinic proceedings, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 184 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
184 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 311 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review of host genetic association with Covid-19 prognosis and susceptibility: What have we learned in 2020?Reviews in medical virology · 2022Pooled it
- COVID-19 pandemic: insights into molecular mechanisms leading to sex-based differences in patient outcomes.Expert reviews in molecular medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicine to prevent and treat COVID-19 household close contacts in Hong Kong: an open-label, randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Trial
- Effectiveness of a respiratory rehabilitation program including an inspiration training devicePeerJ · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Risks of and risk factors for COVID-19 disease in people with diabetes: a cohort study of the total population of Scotland.The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · 2021Trial
- Gender Characteristics of the Novel Coronavirus Infection (COVID-19) in Middle-Aged Adults.Sovremennye tekhnologii v meditsine · 2021Trial
- Longitudinal genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in a university microcosm reflects global evolutionary trends.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Microbiota and Alzheimer's disease: mechanistic insights from a multi-organ perspective.Translational neurodegeneration · 2026Review
- Targeted and untargeted cross-sectional study for sex-specific identification of plasma biomarkers of COVID-19 severity.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Risk assessment for cardiovascular adverse drug events in the ICU: Case study on COVID-19 patients.PloS one · 2026Article
- The sperm quality change in 6 months recovery from COVID-19: a retrospective observational study.Scientific reports · 2025Observational
- Can Sex-based Variations in the Immune Responses to AAV Gene Therapy Affect Safety and Efficacy? A Review of Current Understanding.The AAPS journal · 2025Review
- Sex-Specific Longitudinal Changes in Metabolic, Endocrine, Renal, Cardiovascular, and Inflammatory Biomarkers of Vaccinated COVID-19 Survivors: 30-Month Follow-Up Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Factors affecting COVID-19 outcomes in Ireland: findings from a national database of 1,408,249 cases diagnosed between 2020 and 2022.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Comparable immune escape capacity between KP.2 and other SARS-CoV-2 variants in the central Chinese population after the first COVID-19 booster.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Clinical characteristics of emergency medical staff infected with COVID-19 Omicron variant from five medical centers.World journal of emergency medicine · 2025Article
- An analysis of trends in the burden of ischemic stroke caused by air pollution in China between 1990 and 2021.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Biochemical differences based on sex and clusters of biomarkers in patients with COVID-19: analysis from the CARDIO COVID 19-20 registry.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2025Observational
- Sex-Specific Effects of Environmental Pollutants on Pulmonary Immune Responses.Current opinion in physiology · 2025Article
124 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Men are consistently overrepresented in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severe outcomes, including higher fatality rates. These differences are likely due to gender-specific behaviors, genetic and hormonal factors, and sex differences in biological pathways related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Several social, behavioral, and comorbid factors are implicated in the generally worse outcomes in men compared with women. Underlying biological sex differences and their effects on COVID-19 outcomes, however, have received less attention. The present review summarizes the available literature regarding proposed molecular and cellular markers of COVID-19 infection, their associations with health outcomes, and any reported modification by sex. Biological sex differences characterized by such biomarkers exist within healthy populations and also differ with age- and sex-specific conditions, such as pregnancy and menopause. In the context of COVID-19, descriptive biomarker levels are often reported by sex, but data pertaining to the effect of patient sex on the relationship between biomarkers and COVID-19 disease severity/outcomes are scarce. Such biomarkers may offer plausible explanations for the worse COVID-19 outcomes seen in men. There is the need for larger studies with sex-specific reporting and robust analyses to elucidate how sex modifies cellular and molecular pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2. This will improve interpretation of biomarkers and clinical management of COVID-19 patients by facilitating a personalized medical approach to risk stratification, prevention, and treatment.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.