ArticleThe ISME journal2021
Phage gene expression and host responses lead to infection-dependent costs of CRISPR immunity.
Article in The ISME journal, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Single nucleotide variants drive evolutionary phage-host arms race in anaerobic carbon dioxide-converting microbiome.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Phage provoke growth delays and SOS response induction despite CRISPR-Cas protection.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025Article
- Complementary killing activities ofAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2025Article
- Global biogeography of airborne viruses in public transit systems and their host interactions.Microbiome · 2025Article
- Application of CRISPR-Cas9 in microbial cell factories.Biotechnology letters · 2025Review
- Ecological drivers of CRISPR immune systems.mSystems · 2024Article
- Article
- The impact of phage and phage resistance on microbial community dynamics.PLoS biology · 2024Article
- Conditions for the spread of CRISPR-Cas immune systems into bacterial populations.The ISME journal · 2024Article
- Current Updates of CRISPR/Cas System and Anti-CRISPR Proteins: Innovative Applications to Improve the Genome Editing Strategies.International journal of nanomedicine · 2024Review
- Transient eco-evolutionary dynamics early in a phage epidemic have strong and lasting impact on the long-term evolution of bacterial defences.PLoS biology · 2023Article
- CRISPR-Cas provides limited phage immunity to a prevalent gut bacterium in gnotobiotic mice.The ISME journal · 2023Article
- Polyamines and linear DNA mediate bacterial threat assessment of bacteriophage infection.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Type I CRISPR-Cas provides robust immunity but incomplete attenuation of phage-induced cellular stress.Nucleic acids research · 2022Article
- Global phylogenomic novelty of the Cas1 gene from hot spring microbial communities.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Quorum Sensing Controls the CRISPR and Type VI Secretion Systems inFrontiers in veterinary science · 2022Article
- Immune lag is a major cost of prokaryotic adaptive immunity during viral outbreaks.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2021Article
- The effect of Quorum sensing inhibitors on the evolution of CRISPR-based phage immunity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.The ISME journal · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas immune systems are widespread in bacteria and archaea, but not ubiquitous. Previous work has demonstrated that CRISPR immunity is associated with an infection-induced fitness cost, which may help explain the patchy distribution observed. However, the mechanistic basis of this cost has remained unclear. Using Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 and its phage DMS3vir as a model, we perform a 30-day evolution experiment under phage mediated selection. We demonstrate that although CRISPR is initially selected for, bacteria carrying mutations in the phage receptor rapidly invade the population following subsequent reinfections. We then test three potential mechanisms for the observed cost of CRISPR: (1) autoimmunity from the acquisition of self-targeting spacers, (2) immunopathology or energetic costs from increased cas gene expression and (3) toxicity caused by phage gene expression prior to CRISPR-mediated cleavage. We find that phages can express genes before the immune system clears the infection and that expression of these genes can have a negative effect on host fitness. While infection does not lead to increased expression of cas genes, it does cause differential expression of multiple other host processes that may further contribute to the cost of CRISPR immunity. In contrast, we found little support for infection-induced autoimmunological and immunopathological effects. Phage gene expression prior to cleavage of the genome by the CRISPR-Cas immune system is therefore the most parsimonious explanation for the observed phage-induced fitness cost.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.