ReviewEnvironmental research2021
SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in water and wastewater: A critical review about presence and concern.
Review in Environmental research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 88 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
88 citing papers in PubMed, 205 citations in OpenAlex.
- SARS-CoV-2 wastewater genomic surveillance: approaches, challenges, and opportunities.Genome biology · 2026Review
- SARS-CoV-2 Detection in International Travelers Through Wastewater-Based Epidemiology at the Kigali International Airport: Genomic Surveillance Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Article
- Retrospective case study of the impacts of multiple One Health oriented biocontainment research facilities during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- Ultrasensitive detection of intact SARS-CoV-2 particles in complex biofluids using microfluidic affinity capture.Science advances · 2025Article
- Turning analysis into action: opportunities and challenges in implementing wastewater science for public health decision-making.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Green synthesized silver nanoparticles from Moringa: Potential for preventative treatment of SARS-CoV-2 contaminated water.PloS one · 2025Article
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- Perspectives on SARS-CoV-2 Cases in Zoological Institutions.Veterinary sciences · 2024Review
- An interpretative review of the wastewater-based surveillance of the SARS-CoV-2: where do we stand on its presence and concern?Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Review
- Immunodominant conserved moieties on spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 renders virulence factor for the design of epitope-based peptide vaccines.Virusdisease · 2023Article
- Sampling and recovery of infectious SARS-CoV-2 from high-touch surfaces by sponge stick and macrofoam swab.Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene · 2023Article
- Review
- Dry-spun carbon nanotube ultrafiltration membranes tailored by anti-viral metal oxide coatings for human coronavirus 229E capture in water.Journal of environmental chemical engineering · 2023Article
- Evaluation of variant calling algorithms for wastewater-based epidemiology using mixed populations of SARS-CoV-2 variants in synthetic and wastewater samples.Microbial genomics · 2023Article
- Microbial profile and antibiotic resistance pattern of water supply in a tertiary care hospital of Uttarakhand.Iranian journal of microbiology · 2023Article
- Wastewater Surveillance Can Function as an Early Warning System for COVID-19 in Low-Incidence Settings.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Article
- Ozone based inactivation and disinfection in the pandemic time and beyond: Taking forward what has been learned and best practice.The Science of the total environment · 2023Review
- Strategies for safe management of hospital wastewater during the COVID-19 pandemic.International journal of environmental science and technology : IJEST · 2023Review
28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 9 institutions in 8 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in water and wastewater has recently been reported. According to the updated literature, the stools and masks of the patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) were considered as the primary route of coronavirus transmission into water and wastewater. Most coronavirus types which attack human (possible for SARS-CoV-2) are often inactivated rapidly in water (i.e., the survival of human coronavirus 229E in water being 7 day at 23 °C). However, the survival period of coronavirus in water environments strongly depends on temperature, property of water, concentration of suspended solids and organic matter, solution pH, and dose of disinfectant used. The World Health Organization has stated that the current disinfection process of drinking water could effectively inactivate most of the bacterial and viral communities present in water, especially SARS-CoV-2 (more sensitive to disinfectant like free chlorine). A recent study confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in inflow wastewater (but not detected in outflow one). Although the existence of SARS-CoV-2 in water influents has been confirmed, an important question is whether it can survive or infect after the disinfection process of drinking water. To date, only one study confirmed that the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in water for people was null based on the absence of cytopathic effect (CPE) in infectivity tests. Therefore, further studies should focus on the survival of SARS-CoV-2 in water and wastewater under different operational conditions (i.e., temperature and water matrix) and whether the transmission from COVID-19-contaminated water to human is an emerging concern. Although paper-based devices have been suggested for detecting the traces of SARS-CoV-2 in water, the protocols and appropriate devices should be developed soon. Wastewater and sewage workers should follow the procedures for safety precaution against SARS-CoV-2 exposure.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.