ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2021
Survival of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Influenza Virus on Human Skin: Importance of Hand Hygiene in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 123 papers.
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Who cites it
123 citing papers in PubMed, 228 citations in OpenAlex.
- Improving Hand Hygiene Behavior Using a Novel Theory-Based Intervention During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2022Trial
- Contribution of dermal ethanol absorption during laboratory-controlled high-frequency use of alcohol-based hand rubs followed by glove use.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- Synergistic control of viral persistence via wettability and ion release on antiviral coatings.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of the TANCoV-1.3.20 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Among Healthy Participants in Tanzania: Protocol for a Multisite, Phase 1/2a, Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Climatic Influence on COVID-19: Investigating the Role of Temperature and Humidity in the Spread of the Omicron Variant.GeoHealth · 2026Article
- Assessment of Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 (BoHV-1) Stability and Infectivity on Copper, Zinc, and Stainless Steel Surfaces.Veterinary sciences · 2026Article
- A one health perspective on the intestinal microbiome's role in COVID-19 outcomes and recovery.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- A rapid and accurate protocol for quantifying livingMicrobiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Direct Surface Modification of the Epidermis Using Mussel-Inspired Polydopamine with Multiple Anti-Biofouling Functions.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- School-informed risk calculator tool for reducing the spread of respiratory viral infection among school-aged children.Indoor environments · 2025Article
- The role of excess charge mitigation in electromagnetic hygiene: An integrative review.Biomedical journal · 2025Review
- Shared sanitation facilities and risk of respiratory virus transmission in resource-poor settings: A COVID-19 modeling case study.Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis · 2025Article
- A Pharmacoeconomic Study of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Strategies for Influenza Virus Infections in Japan.Advances in therapy · 2025Article
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- Understanding the impact of different hand drying methods on viral aerosols formation and surface contamination in indoor environments.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission via the skin to oro-nasal route with the production of bioaerosols in the ferret model.The Journal of general virology · 2024Article
- Obesity and age are transmission risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection among exposed individuals.PNAS nexus · 2024Article
- Laboratory studies on the infectivity of human respiratory viruses: Experimental conditions, detections, and resistance to the atmospheric environment.Fundamental research · 2024Review
- Effectiveness of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Omicron BA.5 bivalent vaccine on symptoms in healthcare workers with BA.5 infection.Vaccine: X · 2024Article
- Virucidal efficacy of hypochlorous acid water for aqueous phase and atomization against SARS-CoV-2.Journal of water and health · 2024Article
63 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe stability of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on human skin remains unknown, considering the hazards of viral exposure to humans. We generated a model that allows the safe reproduction of clinical studies on the application of pathogens to human skin and elucidated the stability of SARS-CoV-2 on human skin.
methodsWe evaluated the stability of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus (IAV), mixed with culture medium or upper respiratory mucus, on human skin surfaces and the dermal disinfection effectiveness of 80% (weight/weight) ethanol against SARS-CoV-2 and IAV.
resultsSARS-CoV-2 and IAV were inactivated more rapidly on skin surfaces than on other surfaces (stainless steel/glass/plastic); the survival time was significantly longer for SARS-CoV-2 than for IAV (9.04 hours [95% confidence interval, 7.96- 10.2 hours] vs 1.82 hours [1.65-2.00 hours]). IAV on other surfaces was inactivated faster in mucus versus medium conditions, while SARS-CoV-2 showed similar stability in the mucus and medium; the survival time was significantly longer for SARS-CoV-2 than for IAV (11.09 hours [10.22-12.00 hours] vs 1.69 hours [1.57-1.81 hours]). Moreover, both SARS-CoV-2 and IAV in the mucus/medium on human skin were completely inactivated within 15 seconds by ethanol treatment.
conclusionsThe 9-hour survival of SARS-CoV-2 on human skin may increase the risk of contact transmission in comparison with IAV, thus accelerating the pandemic. Proper hand hygiene is important to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.