SynthesisAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences2021
The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances in COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 383 papers, 15 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Intensive Care Anxiety in SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 19) Patients
Effects of a Mindfulness Intervention on Physical and Psychological Well-Being and Quality of Life in Patients With Post Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (PASC) Dysautonomia
Who cites it
383 citing papers in PubMed, 15 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Prevalence and prognosis of sarcopenia in acute COVID-19 and long COVID: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Annals of medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence of cardiovascular symptoms in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome: a meta-analysis.BMC medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence of Sarcopenic Obesity in Elderly Population: A Meta-Analysis.Current aging science · 2025Pooled it
- Assessment of psycho-oncology in the Middle East and North Africa region: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The oncologist · 2024Pooled it
- Treatment suspension due to the coronavirus pandemic and mental health of infertile patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Effects of exercise therapy on anxiety and depression in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Optimal cut-offs of depression screening tools during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review.BMC psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Global prevalence of self-harm during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC psychology · 2023Pooled it
- Prevalence of mental health symptoms in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: A meta-analysis.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Associations between psychological inflexibility and mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic: A three-level meta-analytic review.Journal of affective disorders · 2023Pooled it
- Prevalence of poor sleep quality in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Risk factors for psychiatric symptoms in patients with long COVID: A systematic review.PloS one · 2023Pooled it
- What are the long-term holistic health consequences of COVID-19 among survivors? An umbrella systematic review.Journal of medical virology · 2022Pooled it
- The prevalence and severity of insomnia symptoms during COVID-19: A global systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis.Sleep medicine · 2022Pooled it
- The effects of a sleep intervention in the early COVID-19 pandemic on insomnia and depressive symptoms: Results of a randomized controlled pilot study.Journal of psychiatric research · 2025Trial
- Cognitive and affective psychoeducation for Long COVID: a randomized controlled trial.Brain communications · 2025Trial
- Remote ischemic conditioning improves neuropsychiatric symptoms in COVID-19 patients: a randomized clinical trial.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Trial
- Effects of a Multi-Professional Intervention on Mental Health of Middle-Aged Overweight Survivors of COVID-19: A Clinical Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Trial
- Initiation of antidepressant medicines in Swedish patients diagnosed with COVID-19: a registry-based cohort study.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
323 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Evidence from previous coronavirus outbreaks has shown that infected patients are at risk for developing psychiatric and mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. To construct a comprehensive picture of the mental health status in COVID-19 patients, we conducted a systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis to assess the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances in this population. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Wanfang Data, Wangfang Med Online, CNKI, and CQVIP for relevant articles, and we included 31 studies (n = 5153) in our analyses. We found that the pooled prevalence of depression was 45% (95% CI: 37-54%, I
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.