SynthesisNature reviews. Rheumatology2020
Sex steroids and autoimmune rheumatic diseases: state of the art.
Synthesis in Nature reviews. Rheumatology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 83 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
83 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 141 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effectiveness of smart healthcare for patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2026Pooled it
- The effect of disrupted sleep on macrophage polarization: a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies.BMC immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Sex hormones affect the pathogenesis and clinical characteristics of systemic lupus erythematosus.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Rheumatoid arthritis burden in 129 low- and middle-income countries from 1990 to 2023.iScience · 2026Article
- Innate immunity: current understandings and future perspectives.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Sex Differences in Treatment Response to Targeted Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Post Hoc Analysis of a Prospective Observational Study.Journal of Korean medical science · 2026Observational
- Sex related differences in acute and recurrent pericarditis: A narrative review.American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice · 2026Review
- Article
- Article
- Inhalant Exposures and the Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2026Review
- Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of achalasia in postmenopausal women: A nationwide cohort study.Medicine · 2026Article
- Sex differences in immune modulation: implications for infection, inflammation, and nutritional supplementation.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- Journey through the gut-inflammation axis in polycystic ovary syndrome: the microbiota's role in shaping inflammatory pathways.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2026Review
- Dietary mixed-oxysterols and 27-Hydroxycholesterol induce cognitive impairment by regulating gut microbiota and miR-144-3p in vivo.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Sex hormone-responsive human vaginal epithelial organoids: a novel in vitro platform for studying Chlamydia trachomatis infection.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- The RNA binding protein Arid5a is an activator of TNF signaling in rheumatoid arthritis.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Hormonal risk factors and androgen and glucocorticoid dysregulation in Sjogren's disease and non-Sjogren's sicca.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Serum steroid hormone profiles in reproductive-age women with systemic lupus erythematosus: associations with clinical manifestations and disease activity.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- A matter arising: When should inflammatory and autoimmune rheumatic diseases be considered 'early'?European journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Sex Hormone Profiles in Patients With Torsades de Pointes Ventricular Tachycardia: A Clinical-Electrophysiological Translational Study.JACC. Clinical electrophysiology · 2025Article
23 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In autoimmune rheumatic diseases, oestrogens can stimulate certain immune responses (including effects on B cells and innate immunity), but can also have dose-related anti-inflammatory effects on T cells, macrophages and other immune cells. By contrast, androgens and progesterone have predominantly immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects. Hormone replacement therapies and oral contraception (and also pregnancy) enhance or decrease the severity of autoimmune rheumatic diseases at a genetic or epigenetic level. Serum androgen concentrations are often low in men and in women with autoimmune rheumatic diseases, suggesting that androgen-like compounds might be a promising therapeutic approach. However, androgen-to-oestrogen conversion (known as intracrinology) is enhanced in inflamed tissues, such as those present in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases. In addition, it is becoming evident that the gut microbiota differs between the sexes (known as the microgenderome) and leads to sex-dependent genetic and epigenetic changes in gastrointestinal inflammation, systemic immunity and, potentially, susceptibility to autoimmune or inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Future clinical research needs to focus on the therapeutic use of androgens and progestins or their downstream signalling cascades and on new oestrogenic compounds such as tissue-selective oestrogen complex to modulate altered immune responses.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.