ArticleMalaria journal2020
Anopheline and human drivers of malaria risk in northern coastal, Ecuador: a pilot study.
Article in Malaria journal, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Behavioral patterns of humans and Anopheles arabiensis reveal outdoor malaria transmission risk at Pemba Island, Zanzibar.Malaria journal · 2026Article
- Linking Anopheles bionomics and human behaviour in the Lao PDR.Malaria journal · 2025Article
- Identifying gaps in protection from malaria vector biting in rural Cambodia using an entomological assessment and human behaviour observations.Malaria journal · 2025Article
- Impact of nighttime human behavior on exposure to malaria vectors and effectiveness of using long-lasting insecticidal nets in the Ethiopian lowlands and highlands.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- Bionomics of malaria vectors in Lao PDR, 2018-2020: entomological surveillance as a key tool for malaria elimination.Malaria journal · 2023Article
- Estimating malaria transmission risk through surveillance of human-vector interactions in northern Ghana.Parasites & vectors · 2023Article
- High vector diversity and malaria transmission dynamics in five sentinel sites in Cameroon.Malaria journal · 2023Article
- Article
- Human behaviour directs household-level exposure to malaria vectors in Bandarban, Bangladesh.Malaria journal · 2022Article
- Human and vector behaviors determine exposure to Anopheles in Namibia.Parasites & vectors · 2022Article
- Human behavior determinants of exposure to Anopheles vectors of malaria in Sumba, Indonesia.PloS one · 2022Article
- Anopheles drivers of persisting malaria transmission in Guna Yala, Panamá: an operational investigation.Malaria journal · 2021Article
- Human-Mosquito Contact: A Missing Link in Our Understanding of Mosquito-Borne Disease Transmission Dynamics.Annals of the Entomological Society of America · 2021Review
- Characterization of an outbreak of malaria in a non-endemic zone on the coastal region of Ecuador.Biomedica : revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundUnderstanding local anopheline vector species and their bionomic traits, as well as related human factors, can help combat gaps in protection.
methodsIn San José de Chamanga, Esmeraldas, at the Ecuadorian Pacific coast, anopheline mosquitoes were sampled by both human landing collections (HLCs) and indoor-resting aspirations (IAs) and identified using both morphological and molecular methods. Human behaviour observations (HBOs) (including temporal location and bed net use) were documented during HLCs as well as through community surveys to determine exposure to mosquito bites. A cross-sectional evaluation of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections was conducted alongside a malaria questionnaire.
resultsAmong 222 anopheline specimens captured, based on molecular analysis, 218 were Nyssorhynchus albimanus, 3 Anopheles calderoni (n = 3), and one remains unidentified. Anopheline mean human-biting rate (HBR) outdoors was (13.69), and indoors (3.38) (p = 0.006). No anophelines were documented resting on walls during IAs. HBO-adjusted human landing rates suggested that the highest risk of being bitten was outdoors between 18.00 and 20.00 h. Human behaviour-adjusted biting rates suggest that overall, long-lasting insecticidal bed nets (LLINs) only protected against 13.2% of exposure to bites, with 86.8% of exposure during the night spent outside of bed net protection. The malaria survey found 2/398 individuals positive for asymptomatic P. falciparum infections. The questionnaire reported high (73.4%) bed net use, with low knowledge of malaria.
conclusionThe exophagic feeding of anopheline vectors in San Jose de Chamanga, when analysed in conjunction with human behaviour, indicates a clear gap in protection even with high LLIN coverage. The lack of indoor-resting anophelines suggests that indoor residual spraying (IRS) may have limited effect. The presence of asymptomatic infections implies the presence of a human reservoir that may maintain transmission.
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