ReviewActa neurochirurgica2021
Traumatic axonal injury (TAI): definitions, pathophysiology and imaging-a narrative review.
Review in Acta neurochirurgica, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Effects of Adenosine A1/A3 Receptors Agonist on Improving the Outcomes of TBI and Stroke: Focus on AST-004.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2026Review
- Engineering Brain Injury In Vitro: Human iPSC-Based Organoids in Microfluidic Systems.Applied sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The Axon as a Self-Modifying Computational System: Autonomous Inference, Adaptive Propagation, and AI-Enabled Mechanistic Insight.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- From Traumatic Brain Injury to Alzheimer's Disease: Multilevel Biomechanical, Neurovascular, and Molecular Mechanisms with Emerging Therapeutic Directions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Blast Injuries.Advances and technical standards in neurosurgery · 2026Review
- Increased intracranial pressure in severe traumatic axonal injury patients - A retrospective single-center study.Brain & spine · 2026Article
- A Study on Optometrists' Knowledge, Awareness, and Management of Traumatic Brain Injury-Related Visual Disorders in Saudi Arabia.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Comparison of background characteristics and neuropathology findings between medico-legal autopsy cases with traumatic axonal injury, vascular axonal injury, or absence of axonal injury in β-amyloid precursor protein stain.International journal of legal medicine · 2025Article
- No Bidirectional Causal Relationship Between Traumatic Brain Injury and Parkinson's Disease: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Does white matter and vascular injury from repetitive head impacts lead to a novel pattern on T2 FLAIR MRI? A hypothesis proposal and call for research.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Review
- A novel multimodal pharmacologic approach using guanfacine, N-acetylcysteine, and donepezil in severe TBI: a case series.Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences · 2025Article
- Role of damage-associated molecular patterns in the pathogenesis and therapeutics of traumatic brain injury.Burns & trauma · 2025Review
- Traumatic Axonal Injury Successfully Treated with Secretome Followed by Mesenchymal Stem Cells Therapy.European journal of case reports in internal medicine · 2025Article
- Parkinsonism associated with prolonged unresponsive wakefulness syndrome after blunt head injury: a clinico-pathological study.Free neuropathology · 2025Article
- Peripheral immune cell dysregulation following diffuse traumatic brain injury in pigs.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- The prognostic importance of traumatic axonal injury on early MRI: the Trondheim TAI-MRI grading and quantitative models.European radiology · 2024Article
- CCL5 is essential for axonogenesis and neuronal restoration after brain injury.Journal of biomedical science · 2024Article
- Shaken adult syndrome due to ocean wave: an autopsy case.Forensic science, medicine, and pathology · 2024Article
- The Relationship between Injury Characteristics and Post-Traumatic Recovery after Diffuse Axonal Injury.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Proteomic analysis discovers potential biomarkers of early traumatic axonal injury in the brainstem.International journal of legal medicine · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionTraumatic axonal injury (TAI) is a condition defined as multiple, scattered, small hemorrhagic, and/or non-hemorrhagic lesions, alongside brain swelling, in a more confined white matter distribution on imaging studies, together with impaired axoplasmic transport, axonal swelling, and disconnection after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Ever since its description in the 1980s and the grading system by Adams et al., our understanding of the processes behind this entity has increased.
methodsWe performed a scoping systematic, narrative review by interrogating Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and Google Scholar on the pathophysiology, biomarkers, and diagnostic tools of TAI patients until July 2020.
resultsWe underline the misuse of the Adams classification on MRI without proper validation studies, and highlight the hiatus in the scientific literature and areas needing more research. In the past, the theory behind the pathophysiology relied on the inertial force exerted on the brain matter after severe TBI inducing a primary axotomy. This theory has now been partially abandoned in favor of a more refined theory involving biochemical processes such as protein cleavage and DNA breakdown, ultimately leading to an inflammation cascade and cell apoptosis, a process now described as secondary axotomy.
conclusionThe difference in TAI definitions makes the comparison of studies that report outcomes, treatments, and prognostic factors a daunting task. An even more difficult task is isolating the outcomes of isolated TAI from the outcomes of severe TBI in general. Targeted bench-to-bedside studies are required in order to uncover further pathways involved in the pathophysiology of TAI and, ideally, new treatments.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.