Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33004230›Full record

ArticleClinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)2021

Impact of urinary sodium on cardiovascular disease and risk factors: A 2 sample Mendelian randomization study.

Shiu Lun Au Yeung, Catherine Mary Schooling

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Article in Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
1.4field-weighted citation impact, top 19% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.

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  4. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.

Shiu Lun Au YeungSchool of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. Electronic address: ayslryan@hku.hk.
Catherine Mary SchoolingSchool of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; City University of New York, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, USA.
City University of New York · USUniversity of Hong Kong · HK

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAlthough sodium increases the risk of coronary artery disease and hypertension, whether sodium also impacts other cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its risk factors is less clear. We examined the causal role of urinary sodium in these CVDs and risk factors using Mendelian randomization.

methodsWe identified strong, independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of urinary sodium from the most up to date genome wide association studies (GWAS) (n = 446,237) and applied them to GWAS of stroke and its subtypes (40,585 cases and 406,111 non-cases), atrial fibrillation (60,620 cases and 970,216 non-cases) and heart failure (47,309 cases and 930,014 non-case). We assessed the impact of sodium on these diseases and associated risk factors using inverse variance weighting. Sensitivity analyses included weighted median, contamination mixture method, MR-PRESSO, and multivariable Mendelian randomization.

resultsHigher log transformed urinary sodium was associated with higher risk of stroke (odds ratio (OR) 1.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01 to 2.08), ischemic stroke (OR 1.60 95% CI 1.12 to 2.30), heart failure (OR 1.77 95% CI 1.19 to 2.62), and type 2 diabetes (OR 4.17 95% CI 1.53 to 11.35). Sensitivity analyses produced directionally similar estimates.

conclusionHigher sodium likely increases stroke, heart failure and type 2 diabetes risk. Our study further supports public health policies to minimize population sodium intake, so as to reduce the associated disease burden.

Indexed as

Cardiovascular DiseasesHumansMendelian Randomization AnalysisRisk FactorsSodiumSodiumAtrial fibrillationHeart failureMendelian randomizationSodiumStroke

Identifiers

PMID33004230
OpenAlexW3087131046

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.