ArticleAnnals of clinical and translational neurology2020
Long-term peripheral immune cell profiling reveals further targets of oral cladribine in MS.
Article in Annals of clinical and translational neurology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dynamics of Spinal Fluid Immune Cell Alterations Following Cladribine Tablet Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Trial
- Beyond B Cell Depletion: Adhesion and Activation Network Remodeling During Repeated Intravenous Anti-CD20 Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis.Neurology and therapy · 2026Article
- CD20+ T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis: From Pathogenesis to Treatment-Induced Depletion.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Review
- Effects of cladribine on intrathecal and peripheral B and plasma cells.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2025Article
- The gut-brain-axis one year after treatment with cladribine tablets in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: a pilot study.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Observational
- Editorial: Community series in trends in neuroimmunology: cross-talk between brain-resident and peripheral immune cells in both health and disease, volume II.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Long-term impact of oral cladribine on humoral immunity in multiple sclerosis.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2025Article
- Development of a novel tool for individual treatment trials in mucopolysaccharidosis.Journal of inherited metabolic disease · 2025Article
- Article
- Cladribine tablets in the new multiple sclerosis era.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2025Review
- Holistic, Long-Term Management of People with Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis with Cladribine Tablets: Expert Opinion from France.Neurology and therapy · 2024Review
- Alemtuzumab treatment for multiple sclerosis in Austria: An observational long-term outcome study.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2024Observational
- The ratio of circulating CD56Heliyon · 2024Article
- Repeated iv anti-CD20 treatment in multiple sclerosis: Long-term effects on peripheral immune cell subsets.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2024Article
- Sustained effects on immune cell subsets and autoreactivity in multiple sclerosis patients treated with oral cladribine.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Cladribine Tablets Mode of Action, Learning from the Pandemic: A Narrative Review.Neurology and therapy · 2023Review
- Transcriptome alterations in peripheral blood B cells of patients with multiple sclerosis receiving immune reconstitution therapy.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2023Article
- An Innovative Tool for Evidence-Based, Personalized Treatment Trials in Mucopolysaccharidosis.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Oral Cladribine Impairs Intermediate, but Not Conventional, Monocyte Transmigration in Multiple Sclerosis Patients across a Model Blood-Brain Barrier.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo expand the knowledge about the immunological consequences of cladribine (CLAD), a pulsed immune reconstitution therapy approved for active multiple sclerosis (MS), beyond the known short-term effects on peripheral immune cell subsets.
methodsIn this study, we characterized depletion and restitution kinetics as well as cytokine profiles of peripheral immune cell subsets in 18 patients with MS following treatment with oral CLAD. The methods involved blood collection prior to CLAD and every three months over a period of 24 months, and extensive characterization of various immune cells subsets by multiparametric flow cytometry.
resultsWe found a selectivity of CLAD towards central memory T cells and memory B cells and detected a hyper-repopulation of maturing B cells. Counts of classical (-65%) and various nonclassical TH17 cells (-84% to -87%) were markedly reduced 24 months after treatment start, and were comparable with depletion rates of class-switched memory B-cell phenotypes (-87% to -95%). The nadir of TH cells was more pronounced in the second treatment year. We observed a proportional surge of CD20 T-cell subsets and an expansion of regulatory T, B and NK cells. Natural killer T cells (NKT) were only depleted in year two and did not recover.
interpretationPeripheral immune cell profiling revealed more differentiated insights into the immunological effects of CLAD. While some immune cell subsets expanded, we also observed additive depleting effects after the second treatment course. Further studies are required to elucidate whether these changes are paramount for the consistent and prolonged disease-modifying effect of CLAD.
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