ArticleMovement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society2021
Differences in the Presentation and Progression of Parkinson's Disease by Sex.
Article in Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 98 citations in OpenAlex.
- Non-invasive brain stimulation enhances motor and cognitive performances during dual tasks in patients with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2024Pooled it
- Disparities in Access to Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease and Proposed Interventions: A Literature Review.Stereotactic and functional neurosurgery · 2024Pooled it
- Global Alterations of Whole Brain Structural Connectome in Parkinson's Disease: A Meta-analysis.Neuropsychology review · 2023Pooled it
- Sex differences in alpha-synucleinopathies: a systematic review.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Pooled it
- Volumetric and Intrastructural Characterization of the Substantia Nigra Using Optimized Synthetic MR Images Derived From Quantitative T1 Maps at 3 T.NMR in biomedicine · 2026Article
- Movement Disorders Associated with 22q11.2 Microdeletion: A Scoping Review.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in the Treatment of People with Parkinson's Disease with a Device-Aided Therapy: A Prospective Real-World Study.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Observational
- Gender differences in non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: a multicenter longitudinal study.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Article
- Bridging global diversity gaps in Parkinson disease research.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2026Review
- Sex differences in neuromodulatory subcortical systems and their implications for Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Review
- Speech Impairment in Early Parkinson's Disease Is Associated with Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Dysfunction.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Differentiating between the impact of sex and gender in Parkinson's disease: utilising these to advance current understanding and care practices.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Multimodal brain network topology and enhanced computer-aided diagnosis in Parkinson's Disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.NPJ digital medicine · 2026Article
- Sex and gender-related differences in neurological diseases: current challenges and recommendations for clinical practice.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Repurposing dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor for Parkinson's disease prevention: A drug-target Mendelian randomization study.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026Article
- The patient-centric development of an inclusive multi-arm multi-stage trial for Parkinson's disease.Brain communications · 2026Article
- Microglia heterogeneity and therapeutic strategies in Parkinson's disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Core Clinical Features Associated With Survival in Patients With Dementia With Lewy Bodies.Neurology · 2025Article
- Motor segmentation: a key neuromuscular impairment in people with parkinson's disease.Experimental brain research · 2025Article
- Gender Is the Main Predictor of Wearing-Off and Dyskinesia in Levodopa-Naïve Patients with Parkinson's Disease.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2025Observational
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
48 authors at 20 institutions in 7 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPrevious studies reported various symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) associated with sex. Some were conflicting or confirmed in only one study.
objectivesWe examined sex associations to PD phenotypes cross-sectionally and longitudinally in large-scale data.
methodsWe tested 40 clinical phenotypes, using longitudinal, clinic-based patient cohorts, consisting of 5946 patients, with a median follow-up of 3.1 years. For continuous outcomes, we used linear regressions at baseline to test sex-associated differences in presentation, and linear mixed-effects models to test sex-associated differences in progression. For binomial outcomes, we used logistic regression models at baseline and Cox regression models for survival analyses. We adjusted for age, disease duration, and medication use. In the secondary analyses, data from 17 719 PD patients and 7588 non-PD participants from an online-only, self-assessment PD cohort were cross-sectionally evaluated to determine whether the sex-associated differences identified in the primary analyses were consistent and unique to PD.
resultsFemale PD patients had a higher risk of developing dyskinesia early during the follow-up period, with a slower progression in activities of daily living difficulties, and a lower risk of developing cognitive impairments compared with male patients. The findings in the longitudinal, clinic-based cohorts were mostly consistent with the results of the online-only cohort.
conclusionsWe observed sex-associated contributions to PD heterogeneity. These results highlight the necessity of future research to determine the underlying mechanisms and importance of personalized clinical management. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.