ArticleJournal of experimental psychology. General2021
Engaging proactive control: Influences of diverse language experiences using insights from machine learning.
Article in Journal of experimental psychology. General, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed.
- Contextual cues and transition statistics drive expression of competing motor memories.iScience · 2026Article
- IQ Profiles in Bilingual Children With Developmental Language Disorder: The Role of Maternal Education.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Rethinking language, cognition and assessment in psychosis: How bilingualism challenges psychiatry and how natural language processing can help.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Bilingual language control in oral language production: an overview and outlook.Cognitive processing · 2026Review
- No evidence that selection is resource-demanding in conflict and bilingual language production tasks: Implications for theories of adaptive control and language-control associations.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2025Article
- Language diversity across home and work contexts differentially impacts age- and menopause-related declines in cognitive control in healthy females.Journal of experimental psychology. General · 2024Article
- A spatial version of the Stroop task for examining proactive and reactive control independently from non-conflict processes.Attention, perception & psychophysics · 2024Article
- Bilingualism Alters the Neural Correlates of Sustained Attention.Translational issues in psychological science · 2023Article
- Multilingual Language Diversity Protects Native Language Production under Different Control Demands.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- The Effects of Cognitive Control on the Subcomponents of Language Control in Spoken and Written Productions.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Bilingual Language Experience and Its Effect on Conflict Adaptation in Reactive Inhibitory Control Tasks.Psychological science · 2023Article
- Using big data to understand bilingual performance in semantic fluency: Findings from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging.PloS one · 2022Article
- Language Entropy Relates to Behavioral and Pupil Indices of Executive Control in Young Adult Bilinguals.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Individual and Sociolinguistic Differences in Language Background Predict Stroop Performance.Frontiers in communication · 2022Article
- Bilingualism is always cognitively advantageous, but this doesn't mean what you think it means.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- The Quest for Signals in Noise: Leveraging Experiential Variation to Identify Bilingual Phenotypes.Languages (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Research on bilingualism as discovery science.Brain and language · 2021Article
- Older bilinguals reverse language dominance less than younger bilinguals: Evidence for the inhibitory deficit hypothesis.Psychology and aging · 2021Article
- Does language context impact the neural correlates of executive control in monolingual and multilingual young adults?Brain and language · 2021Article
- Predictions about the Cognitive Consequences of Language Switching on Executive Functioning Inspired by the Adaptive Control Hypothesis Fail More Often than Not.Brain sciences · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
We used insights from machine learning to address an important but contentious question: Is bilingual language experience associated with executive control abilities? Specifically, we assess proactive executive control for over 400 young adult bilinguals via reaction time (RT) on an AX continuous performance task (AX-CPT). We measured bilingual experience as a continuous, multidimensional spectrum (i.e., age of acquisition, language entropy, and sheer second language exposure). Linear mixed effects regression analyses indicated significant associations between bilingual language experience and proactive control, consistent with previous work. Information criteria (e.g., AIC) and cross-validation further suggested that these models are robust in predicting data from novel, unmodeled participants. These results were bolstered by cross-validated LASSO regression, a form of penalized regression. However, the results of both cross-validation procedures also indicated that similar predictive performance could be achieved through simpler models that only included information about the AX-CPT (i.e., trial type). Collectively, these results suggest that the effects of bilingual experience on proactive control, to the extent that they exist in younger adults, are likely small. Thus, future studies will require even larger or qualitatively different samples (e.g., older adults or children) in combination with valid, granular quantifications of language experience to reveal predictive effects on novel participants. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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