Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33001334›Full record

Trial reportJournal of general internal medicine2021

A Randomized Encouragement Trial to Increase Mail Order Pharmacy Use and Medication Adherence in Patients with Diabetes.

Bharathi Ramachandran, Connie M Trinacty, J Frank Wharam, O Kenrik Duru, Wendy T Dyer, Romain S Neugebauer, Andrew J Karter, Susan D Brown, Cassondra J Marshall, Deanne Wiley and 2 more

Registry-linked trialOpen access · bronzeAbstract readRandomized Controlled TrialPragmatic Clinical Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Journal of general internal medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02621476 (Encouraging Mail Order Pharmacy Use to Improve Outcomes and Reduce Disparities), which is not on this map. Cited by 6 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed
1.2field-weighted citation impact, top 22% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT02621476 nacompletednot on this map

Encouraging Mail Order Pharmacy Use to Improve Outcomes and Reduce Disparities

TypeinterventionalSponsorKaiser PermanenteRan2017 to 2022Enrolled63,012ConditionsDiabetes MellitusArmsStandardized intervention, Usual care
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Review
  2. Hypertension care during the COVID-19 pandemic in an integrated health care system.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2023
    Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. The effect of mail order pharmacy outreach on older patients with diabetes.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2021
    Article
  6. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.

Bharathi RamachandranCohere Health, Boston, MA, USA.
Connie M TrinactyUniversity of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.
J Frank WharamHarvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
O Kenrik DuruUniversity of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Wendy T DyerDivision of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA.
Romain S NeugebauerDivision of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA.
Andrew J KarterDivision of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA.
Susan D BrownDivision of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA.
Cassondra J MarshallUniversity of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Deanne WileyDivision of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA.
Dennis Ross-DegnanHarvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
Julie A SchmittdielDivision of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA. Julie.A.Schmittdiel@kp.org.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8995-5345
Kaiser Permanente · USHarvard University · USUniversity of California, Berkeley · USUniversity of California, Los Angeles · USUniversity of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa · US

Funding

Translational Research Core - Health Engagement & Action Translational (HEAT)P30DK092924 · NIDDK · KAISER FOUNDATION RESEARCH INSTITUTE · PI Alyce Sophia Adams, HILARY Kessler SELIGMAN · 2011 to 2026
$9.2M
Dev-Core-001P2CHD073964 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY · PI JOSHUA R. GOLDSTEIN · 2019 to 2026
$2.9M
Encouraging Mail Order Pharmacy Use to Improve Outcomes and Reduce DisparitiesR18DK104249 · NIDDK · KAISER FOUNDATION RESEARCH INSTITUTE · PI SCHMITTDIEL, JULIE A · 2015 to 2018
$2.7M
NICHD NIH HHS P2C HD073964NIDDK NIH HHS 1R18DK104249-01A1NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK092924NIDDK NIH HHS R18 DK104249
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundMail order pharmacy (MOP) use has been linked to improved medication adherence and health outcomes among patients with diabetes. However, no large-scale intervention studies have assessed the effect of encouraging MOP use on medication adherence.

objectiveTo assess an intervention to encourage MOP services to increase its use and medication adherence.

designRandomized encouragement trial. PATIENTS: 63,012 diabetes patients from three health care systems: Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC), Kaiser Permanente Hawaii (KPHI), and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care (HPHC) who were poorly adherent to at least one class of cardiometabolic medications and had not used MOP in the prior 12 months.

interventionPatients were randomized to receive either usual care (control arm) or outreach encouraging MOP use consisting of a mailed letter, secure email message, and automated telephone call outlining the potential benefits of MOP use (intervention arm). HPHC intervention patients received the letter only. MEASUREMENTS: We compared the percentages of patients that began using MOP and that became adherent to cardiometabolic medication classes during a 12-month follow-up period. We also conducted a race/ethnicity-stratified analysis.

resultsDuring follow-up, 10.6% of intervention patients began using MOP vs. 9.3% of controls (p < 0.01); the percent of cardiometabolic medication delivered via mail was 42.1% vs. 39.8% (p < 0.01). Metformin adherence improved in the intervention arm relative to control at the two KP sites (52% vs. 49%, p < 0.01). Stratified analyses suggested a significant positive effect of the intervention in White (RR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.22) and Asian (RR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.17, 1.45) patients.

conclusionThis pragmatic trial showed that simple outreach to encourage MOP modestly increased its use and improved adherence measured by refills to a key class of diabetes medications in some settings. Given its minimal cost, clinicians and health systems should consider outreach interventions to actively promote MOP use among diabetes patients.

trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT02621476.

Indexed as

Diabetes MellitusPharmacyHawaiiHumansMedication AdherencePostal Servicediabetesencouragement trialmail order pharmacymedication adherence

Identifiers

PMID33001334
PMCPMC7858994
OpenAlexW3090940631

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.