Evidence map›Paper›PMID 32999930›Full record

ArticleACS central science2020

Rapid High-Resolution Visible Light 3D Printing.

Dowon Ahn, Lynn M Stevens, Kevin Zhou, Zachariah A Page

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in ACS central science, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
60citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

60 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Smart Bioinks for 4D Bioprinting: Requirements, Design, and Applications.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
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  18. Lithography-based 3D printing of hydrogels.Nature reviews bioengineering · 2025
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Dowon AhnDepartment of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.
Lynn M StevensDepartment of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.
Kevin ZhouDepartment of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.
Zachariah A PageDepartment of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Light-driven 3D printing to convert liquid resins into solid objects (i.e., photocuring) has traditionally been dominated by engineering disciplines, yielding the fastest build speeds and highest resolution of any additive manufacturing process. However, the reliance on high-energy UV/violet light limits the materials scope due to degradation and attenuation (e.g., absorption and/or scattering). Chemical innovation to shift the spectrum into more mild and tunable visible wavelengths promises to improve compatibility and expand the repertoire of accessible objects, including those containing biological compounds, nanocomposites, and multimaterial structures. Photochemistry at these longer wavelengths currently suffers from slow reaction times precluding its utility. Herein, novel panchromatic photopolymer resins were developed and applied for the first time to realize rapid high-resolution visible light 3D printing. The combination of electron-deficient and electron-rich coinitiators was critical to overcoming the speed-limited photocuring with visible light. Furthermore, azo-dyes were identified as vital resin components to confine curing to irradiation zones, improving spatial resolution. A unique screening method was used to streamline optimization (e.g., exposure time and azo-dye loading) and correlate resin composition to resolution, cure rate, and mechanical performance. Ultimately, a versatile and general visible-light-based printing method was shown to afford (1) stiff and soft objects with feature sizes <100 μm, (2) build speeds up to 45 mm/h, and (3) mechanical isotropy, rivaling modern UV-based 3D printing technology and providing a foundation from which bio- and composite-printing can emerge.

Identifiers

PMID32999930
PMCPMC7517116

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.