ArticleNature immunology2021
SARS-CoV-2-derived peptides define heterologous and COVID-19-induced T cell recognition.
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Article in Nature immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 408 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
408citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
13.0field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
408 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 634 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systemic review of T-cell epitopes defined from the proteome of SARS-CoV-2.Virus research · 2023Pooled it
- Resolving SARS-CoV-2 CD4Cell reports. Medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review/meta-analysis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2022Pooled it
- Phase I/II trial of a peptide-based COVID-19 T-cell activator in patients with B-cell deficiency.Nature communications · 2023Trial
- Thymic function as a central determinant of immune competence and clinical outcomes.Seminars in immunopathology · 2026Review
- Multi-antigen coronavirus vaccine induces potent and durable cross-protection against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- The ageing immune system and its battle with viruses.The Journal of general virology · 2026Review
- The Dendritic Cell-based Vaccine PROTEXI leverages Antiviral CD4 T cell Memory to boost anti-tumor immune responses in mice.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Computational identification of antigen-specific T cell groups through generative epitope modeling.iScience · 2026Article
- The critical role of artificial intelligence and bioinformatics in accelerating peptide-based vaccine discovery for tackling global infectious diseases.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2026Review
- Comprehensive longitudinal profiling identifies differential frequency, epitope specificity, and effector function of CD8EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Explainable convolutional neural network model provides an alternative genome-wide association perspective on mutations in SARS-CoV-2.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Whole-protein screening and multi-modal profiling of antigen-specific CD4Nature communications · 2026Article
- Serial vaccination expands and refines human CD4bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- DNA origami vaccine nanoparticles improve humoral and cellular immune responses to infectious diseases.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Identification of immunodominant T cell epitopes in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in Syrian hamsters.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- Endemic penetrance of SARS-CoV-2 has impacted marginally on immunity to spike protein of human coronaviruses.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Conformational bias in SARS-CoV-2 Spike CD4+ T-cell epitope dominance.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Structural insights into clonal restriction and diversity in T cell recognition of two immunodominant SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid epitopes.Nature communications · 2025Article
- T-cell responses to highly conserved SARS-CoV-2 epitopes in Hispanic Americans receiving an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
348 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
42 authors at 9 institutions in 1 country.
Annika Nelde *Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8504-8481
Tatjana Bilich *Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8107-0419
Jonas S Heitmann *Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Yacine MaringerClinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Helmut R SalihClinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Malte RoerdenInstitute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7283-9778
Maren LübkeInstitute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Jens BauerClinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3731-2385
Jonas RiethClinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Marcel WackerClinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Andreas PeterInstitute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Sebastian HörberInstitute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5718-1530
Bjoern TraenkleNMI, Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany.
Philipp D KaiserNMI, Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany.
Ulrich RothbauerNMI, Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-8986
Matthias BeckerNMI, Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9243-4257
Daniel JunkerNMI, Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany.
Gérard KrauseDepartment of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3328-8808
Monika StrengertDepartment of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
Nicole Schneiderhan-MarraNMI, Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6785-181X
Markus F TemplinNMI, Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6569-6489
Thomas O JoosNMI, Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany.
Daniel J KowalewskiImmatics Biotechnologies GmbH, Tübingen, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0482-9927
Vlatka Stos-ZweifelImmatics Biotechnologies GmbH, Tübingen, Germany.
Michael FehrInstitute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Armin RabsteynCluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) 'Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies', University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Valbona MirakajDepartment of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Julia KarbachDepartment of Oncology and Hematology, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt, Germany.
Elke JägerDepartment of Oncology and Hematology, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt, Germany.
Michael GrafApplied Bioinformatics, Center for Bioinformatics and Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Lena-Christin GruberClinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
David RachfalskiClinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Beate PreußDepartment of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Ilona HagelsteinClinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Melanie MärklinClinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2920-3894
Tamam BakchoulInstitute for Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6797-6812
Cécile GouttefangeasInstitute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Oliver KohlbacherApplied Bioinformatics, Center for Bioinformatics and Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1739-4598
Reinhild KleinDepartment of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Stefan StevanovićInstitute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Hans-Georg RammenseeInstitute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Juliane S WalzClinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. juliane.walz@med.uni-tuebingen.de.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6404-7391
Deutschen Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung · DENatural and Medical Sciences Institute · DEUniversity Children's Hospital Tübingen · DEUniversity of Tübingen · DEGerman Cancer Research Center · DEImmatics Biotechnologies (Germany) · DEKrankenhaus Nordwest · DEMedizinische Hochschule Hannover · DEMax Planck Institute for Developmental Biology · DE
Funding
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (Federal Ministry of Education and Research) FKZ:01KI20130Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) WA 4608/1-2EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020) 101003480 - CORESMAWilhelm Sander-Stiftung (Wilhelm Sander Foundation) 2016.177.2
Abstract
T cell immunity is central for the control of viral infections. To characterize T cell immunity, but also for the development of vaccines, identification of exact viral T cell epitopes is fundamental. Here we identify and characterize multiple dominant and subdominant SARS-CoV-2 HLA class I and HLA-DR peptides as potential T cell epitopes in COVID-19 convalescent and unexposed individuals. SARS-CoV-2-specific peptides enabled detection of post-infectious T cell immunity, even in seronegative convalescent individuals. Cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 peptides revealed pre-existing T cell responses in 81% of unexposed individuals and validated similarity with common cold coronaviruses, providing a functional basis for heterologous immunity in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Diversity of SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses was associated with mild symptoms of COVID-19, providing evidence that immunity requires recognition of multiple epitopes. Together, the proposed SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes enable identification of heterologous and post-infectious T cell immunity and facilitate development of diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic measures for COVID-19.
Indexed as
COVID-19Cross ReactionsEpitopes, T-LymphocyteHistocompatibility Antigens Class IHLA-DR AntigensHumansImmunologic MemoryPeptidesSARS-CoV-2T-LymphocytesViral VaccinesEpitopes, T-LymphocyteHistocompatibility Antigens Class IHLA-DR AntigensPeptidesViral Vaccines
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.