ArticleScientific reports2020
Biological sex does not predict glymphatic influx in healthy young, middle aged or old mice.
Article in Scientific reports, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- The antidepressive mechanism of Longya Lilium combined with Fluoxetine in mice with depression-like behaviors.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2024Pooled it
- Sleep deprivation and sleep intensity exert distinct effects on cerebral vasomotion and brain pulsations driven by the respiratory and cardiac cycles.PLoS biology · 2025Trial
- The glymphatic-lymphatic axis: known pathways, open questions, and emerging roles in neurodegeneration.Translational neurodegeneration · 2026Review
- Glutamate carboxypeptidase II activation in astrocytes mediates glymphatic impairment and cognitive vulnerability in the aging brain following surgery.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Enhanced glymphatic CSF tracer influx during α2-adrenergic agonist anesthesia is independent of tracer injection duration.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Chronotherapy to reinforce circadian rhythms improves poststroke outcomes and glymphatic function in mice.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Glymphatic dysfunction: a unifying hypothesis for delirium.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2026Review
- Glymphatic-meningeal lymphatic system imbalance: a peripheral-to-central inflammatory bridge in perioperative neurocognitive disorders.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Advancements in Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease Based on the Cerebral Lymphatic System.Degenerative neurological and neuromuscular disease · 2026Article
- Age- and sex-related glymphatic differences and hemispheric asymmetry in healthy adults at 7.0T magnetic resonance imaging.Psychoradiology · 2026Article
- Abnormal neurovascular coupling induces glymphatic dysfunction in a mouse model of familial hemiplegic migraine type 2.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Article
- Cerebrospinal fluid flow modulates brain health.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Article
- Age-dependent brain responses to mechanical stress determine resilience in a chronic lymphatic drainage impairment model.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Article
- Impaired Flow: Glymphatic Dysfunction in Ischemic Stroke and the Influence of Sex.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2025Review
- Cholinergic basal forebrain neurons regulate vascular dynamics and cerebrospinal fluid flux.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Article
- Biological Fluid Flows: Signaling Mediums for Circadian Timing.Journal of biological rhythms · 2025Review
- Perivascular cerebrospinal fluid inflow matches interstitial fluid efflux in anesthetized rats.iScience · 2025Article
- Loss of glymphatic homeostasis in heart failure.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Assessing glymphatic-associated fluid dynamics in psychiatric disorders: evidence from neuroimaging - a review.Psychoradiology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism is evident in brain structure, size, and function throughout multiple species. Here, we tested whether cerebrospinal fluid entry into the glymphatic system, a network of perivascular fluid transport that clears metabolic waste from the brain, was altered between male and female mice. We analyze glymphatic influx in 244 young reproductive age (2-4 months) C57BL/6 mice. We found no male/female differences in total influx under anesthesia, or across the anterior/posterior axis of the brain. Circadian-dependent changes in glymphatic influx under ketamine/xylazine anesthesia were not altered by sex. This was not true for diurnal rhythms under pentobarbital and avertin, but both still showed daily oscillations independent of biological sex. Finally, although glymphatic influx decreases with age there was no sex difference in total influx or subregion-dependent tracer distribution in 17 middle aged (9-10 months) and 36 old (22-24 months) mice. Overall, in healthy adult C57BL/6 mice we could not detect male/female differences in glymphatic influx. This finding contrasts the gender differences in common neurodegenerative diseases. We propose that additional sex-dependent co-morbidities, such as chronic stress, protein misfolding, traumatic brain injury or other pathological mechanisms may explain the increased risk for developing proteinopathies rather than pre-existing suppression of glymphatic influx.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.