SynthesisCurrent pain and headache reports2020
Clinical Effectiveness and Mechanism of Action of Spinal Cord Stimulation for Treating Chronic Low Back and Lower Extremity Pain: a Systematic Review.
Synthesis in Current pain and headache reports, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- All-in-one spinal cord stimulation and its economic impact.Health economics review · 2026Article
- Efficacy and Influencing Factors of Short-Term Spinal Cord Stimulation for Postherpetic Neuralgia: A Retrospective Study.Journal of pain research · 2026Article
- 14. Discogenic Low Back Pain.Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain · 2025Review
- Dorsal root ganglion stimulation for multifactorial refractory foot pain: A case report.Interventional pain medicine · 2025Article
- Pudendal Nerve Block by Adaptively Stepwise Increasing the Intensity of High-Frequency (10 kHz) Biphasic Stimulation.Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society · 2025Article
- Correlating Evoked Electromyography and Anatomic Factors During Spinal Cord Stimulation Implantation With Short-Term Outcomes.Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society · 2024Article
- Review
- Twelve-month results from a randomized controlled trial comparing differential target multiplexed spinal cord stimulation and conventional spinal cord stimulation in subjects with chronic refractory axial low back pain not eligible for spine surgery.North American Spine Society journal · 2024Article
- Improved Outcomes and Therapy Longevity after Salvage Using a Novel Spinal Cord Stimulation System for Chronic Pain: Multicenter, Observational, European Case Series.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Beyond the Pain Management Clinic: The Role of AI-Integrated Remote Patient Monitoring in Chronic Disease Management - A Narrative Review.Journal of pain research · 2024Review
- Cardiac sensing at a spinal cord stimulation lead: a promising on-device potential biomarker for pain and wellbeing.Frontiers in physiology · 2024Article
- Alternating current stimulation promotes neurite outgrowth and plasticity in neurons through activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2023Article
- The Palliative Care in the Metastatic Spinal Tumors. A Systematic Review on the Radiotherapy and Surgical Perspective.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Spinal Cord Stimulation to Treat Unresponsive Cancer Pain: A Possible Solution in Palliative Oncological Therapy.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Article
- Proteomic and Phosphoproteomic Changes of MAPK-Related Inflammatory Response in an Animal Model of Neuropathic Pain by Differential Target Multiplexed SCS and Low-Rate SCS.Journal of pain research · 2022Article
- Pain modulation in the spinal cord.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Activation of Neuroinflammation via mTOR Pathway is Disparately Regulated by Differential Target Multiplexed and Traditional Low-Rate Spinal Cord Stimulation in a Neuropathic Pain Model.Journal of pain research · 2022Article
- Pain Relief and Safety Outcomes with Cervical 10 kHz Spinal Cord Stimulation: Systematic Literature Review and Meta-analysis.Pain and therapy · 2021Review
- Updates on the Role of Spinal Cord Stimulation in the Management of Non-Surgical Chronic Lower Back Pain.Cureus · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 8 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purpose of reviewThe purpose of the present systematic review is to provide a current understanding of the mechanism of action and the evidence available to support clinical decision-making. The focus is to summarize randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and nonrandomized or observational studies of spinal cord stimulation in chronic pain to understand clinical effectiveness and the mechanism of action. RECENT
findingsSeveral recent studies have demonstrated the benefit of spinal cord stimulation in managing chronic pain. Until recently, the mechanism of action was founded on a central paradigm derived from gate control theory, which is the need to stimulate the dorsal column of the spinal cord to generate paresthesia. The recent development of new therapies that do not rely on paresthesia has left the field without a clear mechanism of action that could serve as a strong foundation to further improve clinical outcomes. Consequently, multiple theories have emerged to explain how electrical pulse applied to the spinal cord could alleviate pain, including activation of specific supraspinal pathways, and segmental modulation of the neurological interaction. Recent systematic reviews also have shown the clinical effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation in managing chronic spinal pain, phantom limb pain, complex regional pain syndrome, and other chronic painful conditions. Spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of chronic pain is rapidly evolving with technology at its forefront. This comprehensive focused review evaluated 11 RCTs and 7 nonrandomized/observational studies which provided levels of evidence ranging from I to II.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.