ArticleScience (New York, N.Y.)2020
Viral epitope profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals cross-reactivity and correlates of severity.
Open access · hybridAbstract read
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Article in Science (New York, N.Y.), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 438 papers.
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0cells of the map it votes in
438citing papers in PubMed
15.8field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
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Who cites it
438 citing papers in PubMed, 763 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cytomegalovirus DNAemia in Hospitalized Adults With SARS-CoV-2 Infection Requiring Supplemental Oxygen: Virologic and Clinical Characteristics and Association With Outcomes.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Trial
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- Discovery of human antibody specific to the spike glycoprotein subunit 2 of SARS-CoV-2 and characterization of its broad-spectrum neutralizing activity.Infectious medicine · 2026Article
- A kaleidoscopic autoimmune syndrome (COVAS) following COVID-19 exposure.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Persistence of memory: lifespan dynamics of the human antiviral antibody reactome.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Integrated evaluation of antibody responses to mosquitoes and mosquito-borne pathogens using highly multiplexed serology.Science advances · 2026Article
- Assessing VirScan serosurvey epitope profiling variability between in-clinic venous blood draw and capillary blood self-sampling device.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Immune-metabolic trajectories delineate subgroups in paediatric long COVID.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Design and immunogenicity evaluation of pan-recombinant vaccines based on the consensus sequence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 spike protein.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Demographic and genetic factors shape the epitope specificity of the human antibody repertoire against viruses.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Cross-Reactive IgG Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Older Adults Following Seasonal Coronavirus Infection in Jiangsu, China (2015-2017).Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2026Article
- Long-Term Thyroid Complications Post-COVID-19: A Systematic Review.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Immunogenicity assessment and epitope mapping of the ASFV proteome by profiling serum antibodies with ASFV antigen phage libraries.Communications biology · 2026Article
- A stabilized MERS-CoV spike ferritin nanoparticle vaccine elicits robust and protective neutralizing antibody responses.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Iterative immunoprecipitation and phage pre-wash dramatically improve epitope-resolved serology by VirScan.Frontiers in virology (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Preclinical evaluation of a multi-epitope mRNA vaccine platform for broad and durable SARS-CoV-2 protection.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- PhIP-Seq: unveiling the complexity of antibody repertoires in health and disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Association between parenthood and survival among 30,386 patients hospitalized with COVID-19.PloS one · 2026Article
- Development of an ELISA Using Recombinant Chimeric SM Protein for Serological Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies.Methods and protocols · 2025Article
378 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
37 authors at 8 institutions in 2 countries.
Ellen Shrock *Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2484-4374
Eric Fujimura *Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8213-2143
Tomasz Kula *Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6458-9833
Richard T Timms *Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7275-597X
I-Hsiu LeeCenter for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7200-7867
Yumei LengDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2512-9284
Matthew L RobinsonDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0376-8560
Brandon M SieDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9405-1850
Mamie Z LiDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7188-1330
Yuezhou ChenDivision of Allergy and Immunology and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Jennifer LogueDepartment of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Adam ZuianiDivision of Allergy and Immunology and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2625-6595
Denise McCullochDepartment of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8755-6105
Felipe J N LelisDivision of Allergy and Immunology and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3708-3810
Stephanie HensonInstitute for Cell Engineering, Immunology Division, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Daniel R MonacoInstitute for Cell Engineering, Immunology Division, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Meghan TraversDivision of Allergy and Immunology and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0545-2079
Shaghayegh HabibiDivision of Allergy and Immunology and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5209-9220
William A ClarkeDivision of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Patrizio CaturegliDivision of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Oliver LaeyendeckerDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Alicja Piechocka-TrochaMassachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1547-524X
Jonathan Z LiMassachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9914-9662
Ashok KhatriEndocrine Unit and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4740-3846
Helen Y ChuDepartment of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
MGH COVID-19 Collection & Processing Team
Alexandra-Chloé VillaniMassachusetts General Hospital Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7461-0408
Kyle KaysDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Marcia B GoldbergCenter for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4266-9733
Nir HacohenMassachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2349-2656
Michael R FilbinDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2588-7504
Xu G YuMassachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8295-884X
Bruce D WalkerMassachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6122-9245
Duane R WesemannDivision of Allergy and Immunology and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6690-944X
H Benjamin LarmanInstitute for Cell Engineering, Immunology Division, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
James A LedererDepartment of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Stephen J ElledgeDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. selledge@genetics.med.harvard.edu.ORCID 0000-0001-7923-6283
Brigham and Women's Hospital · USHoward Hughes Medical Institute · USJohns Hopkins University · USMassachusetts General Hospital · USUniversity of Washington · USHarvard University · USCenter for Systems Biology · USNational Institute on Drug Abuse · US
Funding
Training Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative GenomicsT32HG002295 · NHGRI · MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY · PI Peter J Park · 2001 to 2026
$15.8MHOST DEFENSE TRAINING IN ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASEST32AI007044 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI DAVID Neal FREDRICKS · 1985 to 2026
$14.6MJoint Biology Consortium Resource-based CenterP30AR070253 · NIAMS · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI Peter A Nigrovic, Jeffrey Andrew Sparks · 2016 to 2026
$9.4MDecrypting IgE B Cell ImmunobiologyR01AI121394 · NIAID · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI WESEMANN, DUANE R. · 2016 to 2020
$3.1MTherapy of acute radiation syndrome and its complications by mesenchymal stromal cells conditioned with Toll-like receptor 9 agonistsU01AI138318 · NIAID · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI LEDERER, JAMES A., PERRELLA, MARK A · 2018 to 2022
$3.1MElucidating Germinal Center-Mediated Antibody EvolutionR01AI139538 · NIAID · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI WESEMANN, DUANE R. · 2019 to 2022
$2.4MDevelopment of Highly Multiplex Antigen Specificity AssaysU24AI118633 · NIAID · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI ELLEDGE, STEPHEN J, LARMAN, HARRY BENJAMIN · 2015 to 2020
$2.4MAdaptive Immune Regulation of Traumatic InjuryR01AI148232 · NIAID · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI LEDERER, JAMES A. · 2020 to 2024
$2.1MInjury-Specific Activation of the Immune SystemR01AI092905 · NIAID · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI LEDERER, JAMES A. · 2011 to 2015
$2.0MRegulation of brown fat metabolism by the immune receptor PD-L1K08DK114563 · NIDDK · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI DOUGAN, MICHAEL LAWRENCE · 2017 to 2021
$868kHoward Hughes Medical InstituteNHGRI NIH HHS T32 HG002295NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI092905NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI121394NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI139538NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI148232NIAID NIH HHS T32 AI007044NIAID NIH HHS U01 AI138318NIAID NIH HHS U24 AI118633NIAMS NIH HHS P30 AR070253NIDDK NIH HHS K08 DK114563Wellcome Trust 201387/Z/16/Z
Abstract
Understanding humoral responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical for improving diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines. Deep serological profiling of 232 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and 190 pre-COVID-19 era controls using VirScan revealed more than 800 epitopes in the SARS-CoV-2 proteome, including 10 epitopes likely recognized by neutralizing antibodies. Preexisting antibodies in controls recognized SARS-CoV-2 ORF1, whereas only COVID-19 patient antibodies primarily recognized spike protein and nucleoprotein. A machine learning model trained on VirScan data predicted SARS-CoV-2 exposure history with 99% sensitivity and 98% specificity; a rapid Luminex-based diagnostic was developed from the most discriminatory SARS-CoV-2 peptides. Individuals with more severe COVID-19 exhibited stronger and broader SARS-CoV-2 responses, weaker antibody responses to prior infections, and higher incidence of cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus 1, possibly influenced by demographic covariates. Among hospitalized patients, males produce stronger SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses than females.
Indexed as
Epitope MappingSeverity of Illness IndexAntibodies, NeutralizingAntibody FormationCOVID-19COVID-19 Serological TestingCross ReactionsCryoelectron MicroscopyEpitopesFemaleHumansMaleProtein ConformationSARS-CoV-2SeroconversionAntibodies, NeutralizingEpitopes
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