ArticleRetrovirology2020
Increased HIV-1 pretreatment drug resistance with consistent clade homogeneity among ART-naive HIV-1 infected individuals in Ethiopia.
Article in Retrovirology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Genetic diversity and evolutionary analysis of HIV-1 among migration populations: a five-year cross-sectional molecular epidemiology study.Virus genes · 2026Article
- Nationwide patterns of HIV drug resistance and high viral load in Sub-Saharan African countries.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2026Article
- HIV-1 prevalence, drug resistance, and associated factors in the urban Ethiopian population.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Pretreatment HIV-1 Drug Resistance Among Newly Diagnosed People in Eastern Ethiopia.Health science reports · 2025Article
- The magnitude of neurocognitive disorders and associated factors among people living with HIV AIDS facilities in Bahir Dar City Ethiopia.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Prevalence of HIV Drug Resistance Mutations among Treatment-Naive People Living with HIV in a Tertiary Care Center in India.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2024Article
- Low level of HIV-1C integrase strand transfer inhibitor resistance mutations among recently diagnosed ART-naive Ethiopians.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Magnitude and predictors of HIV-Drug resistance in Africa: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2022Article
- Predictors of Mortality Among Adult HIV-Infected Patients Taking Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in Harari Hospitals, Ethiopia.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2021Article
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7 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundThe development of pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) is becoming an obstacle to the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Besides, data from developing settings including Ethiopia is still limited. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess HIV-1 genetic diversity and PDR mutations among ART-naive recently diagnosed HIV-1 infected individuals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
methodsInstitutional based cross-sectional study was conducted from June to December 2018 in Addis Ababa among ART-naive recently diagnosed individuals. Partial HIV-1 pol region covering the entire protease (PR) and partial reverse transcriptase (RT) regions of 51 samples were amplified and sequenced using an in-house assay. Drug resistance mutations were examined using calibrated population resistance (CPR) tool version 6.0 from the Stanford HIV drug resistance database and the International Antiviral Society-USA (IAS-USA) 2019 mutation list.
resultsAccording to both algorithms used, 9.8% (5/51) of analyzed samples had at least one PDR Mutation. PDR mutations to Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) were the most frequently detected (7.8% and 9.8%, according to the CPR tool and IAS-USA algorithm, respectively). The most frequently observed NNRTIs-associated mutations common to both algorithms were K103N (2%), Y188L (2%), K101E (2%), and V106A (2%), while E138A (2%) was observed according to IAS-USA only. Y115F and M184V (mutations that confer resistance to NRTIs) dual mutations were detected according to both criteria in a single study participant (2%). PDR mutation to protease inhibitors was found to be low (only G73S; 2% according to the CPR tool). Phylogenetic analysis showed that 98% (50/51) of the study participants were infected with HIV-1C virus while one individual (2%) was infected with HIV-1A1 virus.
conclusionsThis study showed an increased level of PDR and persistence HIV-1C clade homogeneity after 15 years of the rollout of ART and 3 decades of HIV-1C circulation in Ethiopia, respectively. Therefore, we recommend routine baseline genotypic drug resistance testing for all newly diagnosed HIV infected patients before initiating treatment. This will aid the selection of appropriate therapy in achieving the 90% of patients having an undetectable viral load in consonance with the UN target.
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