Evidence map›Paper›PMID 32993604›Full record

ArticleBMC psychiatry2020

The reliability and validity of PHQ-9 in patients with major depressive disorder in psychiatric hospital.

Yue Sun, Zhaoyan Fu, Qijing Bo, Zhen Mao, Xin Ma, Chuanyue Wang

Registry-linked trialOpen access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC psychiatry, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06775548 (Effects of Exercises and Vitamins on Oxidative Stress & Inflammatory Markers Among Patients with Depression), which is not on this map. Cited by 186 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
186citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
18.8field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT06775548 naenrolling by invitationnot on this mapstarted 2024, after this paper: background citation

Effects of Exercises and Vitamins on Oxidative Stress & Inflammatory Markers Among Patients with Depression

TypeinterventionalSponsorZiauddin UniversityRan2024 to 2025Enrolled116ConditionsDepression DisordersArmsAerobic Exercises + Vitamin E, Resistance Exercises + Vitamin E, Aerobic Exercises + Vitamin D, Resistance Exercises + Vitamin D
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

186 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 309 citations in OpenAlex.

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  3. FIGO best practice recommendations for the mental health of women at menopausal age.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026
    Guideline
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  5. Anxiety Linked to COVID-19: A Systematic Review Comparing Anxiety Rates in Different Populations.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022
    Pooled it
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126 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Yue SunThe National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China.
Zhaoyan FuThe National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China.
Qijing BoThe National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China. bqj718@163.com.ORCID 0000-0002-3275-7978
Zhen MaoThe National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China.
Xin MaThe National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China.
Chuanyue WangThe National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China.
Capital Medical University · CN

Funding

Beijing Hospitals Authority Youth Programme QML20171901Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Clinical Medicine Development of Special Funding Support (CN) ZYLX201807National Natural Science Foundation of China 81901355Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality (CN) 7192081
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundTo assess the reliability and validity of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and to assess the feasibility of its use in psychiatric hospitals in China.

methodsOne hundred nine outpatients or inpatients with MDD who qualified the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) criteria completed PHQ-9 and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17). Two weeks after the initial evaluation, 54 randomly selected patients underwent repeat assessment using PHQ-9. For validity analysis, the construct validity and criterion validity were assessed. The internal concordance coefficient and the test-retest correlation coefficients were used for reliability analysis. The correlation between total score and scores for each item and the correlation between scores for various items were evaluated using Pearson correlation coefficient.

resultsPrincipal components factor analysis showed good construct validity of the PHQ-9. PHQ-9 total score showed a positive correlation with HAMD-17 total score (r = 0.610, P < 0.001). With HAMD as the standard, PHQ-9 depression scores of 7, 15, and 21 points were used as cut-offs for mild, moderate, and severe depression, respectively. Consistency assessment was conducted between the depression severity as assessed by PHQ-9 and HAMD (Kappa = 0.229, P < 0.001). Intraclass correlation coefficient between PHQ-9 total score and HAMD total score was 0.594 (95% confidence interval, 0.456-0.704, P < 0.001). The Cronbach's α coefficient of PHQ-9 was 0.892. Correlation coefficients between each item score and the total score ranged from 0.567-0.789 (P < 0.01); the correlation coefficient between various item scores ranged from 0.233-0.747. The test-retest correlation coefficient for total score was 0.737.

conclusionsPHQ-9 showed good reliability and validity, and high adaptability for patients with MDD in psychiatric hospital. It is a simple, rapid, effective, and reliable tool for screening and evaluation of the severity of depression.

Indexed as

Major Depressive DisorderPatient Health QuestionnaireChinaDepressionHospitals, PsychiatricHumansPsychiatric Status Rating ScalesPsychometricsReproducibility of ResultsSurveys and QuestionnairesMajor depressive disorderPHQ-9ReliabilityValidity

Identifiers

PMID32993604
PMCPMC7525967
OpenAlexW3089946977

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.