Evidence map›Paper›PMID 32993549›Full record

ArticleBMC nephrology2020

Hepcidin and GDF-15 are potential biomarkers of iron deficiency anaemia in chronic kidney disease patients in South Africa.

Aishatu M Nalado, Gbenga Olorunfemi, Therese Dix-Peek, Caroline Dickens, Lungile Khambule, Tracy Snyman, Graham Paget, Johnny Mahlangu, Raquel Duarte, Jaya George and 1 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC nephrology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
8citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
1.3field-weighted citation impact, top 18% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  3. Review
  4. Review
  5. Article
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  7. Review
  8. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.

Aishatu M NaladoDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa. aishnld@yahoo.co.uk.ORCID 0000-0003-3662-8150
Gbenga OlorunfemiDivision of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Therese Dix-PeekDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
Caroline DickensDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
Lungile KhambuleDepartment of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Services, and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Tracy SnymanDepartment of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Services, and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Graham PagetDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
Johnny MahlanguSchool of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Raquel DuarteDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
Jaya GeorgeDepartment of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Services, and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Saraladevi NaickerDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
University of the Witwatersrand · ZANational Health Laboratory Service · ZA

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAnaemia is a common presenting feature among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and it is associated with poor clinical outcomes and quality of life. It is not clear if growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) or hepcidin are useful as early markers of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) among non-dialysis CKD patients. We therefore evaluated the diagnostic validity of GDF-15 and hepcidin as biomarkers of IDA among non-dialysis CKD patients in Johannesburg, South Africa.

methodAn analytic cross-sectional study was conducted among non-dialysis CKD patients (n = 312) and apparently healthy controls (n = 184) from June to December 2016 at an Academic Hospital, in Johannesburg, South Africa. An interviewer administered proforma was used to obtain the socio-biological and clinical characteristics of the participants. Serum levels of GDF-15 and hepcidin were determined. Predictive logistic regression models were built and post estimation receiver operator characteristics were determined to evaluate diagnostic validity of hepcidin and GDF-15 for absolute and functional iron deficiency anaemia.

resultsAbout half (50.6%) of the participants were female while the participants' mean age was 49.7 ± 15.8 years. The predictive value of diagnosing absolute IDA among CKD patients using GDF-15 was 74.02% (95% CI: 67.62-80.42%) while the predictive value of diagnosing functional IDA among CKD patients using hepcidin was 70.1% (95% CI: 62.79-77.49%).There was a weak negative correlation between hepcidin levels and GFR (r = - 0.19, p = 0.04) in anaemic CKD patients, and between serum GDF-15 and haemoglobin (r = - 0.34, p = 0.001). Serum ferritin (β = 0.00389, P-value< 0.001), was a predictor of log hepcidin. MCHC (β = - 0.0220, P-value 0.005) and CKD stage (β = 0.4761, P-value < 0.001), race (β = 0.3429, P-value = 0.018) were predictors of log GDF-15. Both GDF-15 (adj OR: 1.0003, 95%CI: 1.0001-1.0005, P = 0.017) and hepcidin (adj OR: 1.003, 95%CI: 1.0004-1.0055, P = 0.023) were associated with iron deficiency anaemia after multiple linear regression modelling.

conclusionSerum GDF-15 is a potential biomarker of absolute IDA, while hepcidin levels can predict functional IDA among CKD patients.

Indexed as

AdultAnemia, Iron-DeficiencyBiomarkersCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleGrowth Differentiation Factor 15HepcidinsHumansLogistic ModelsMaleMiddle AgedRenal Insufficiency, ChronicROC CurveSouth AfricaBiomarkersGDF15 protein, humanGrowth Differentiation Factor 15HepcidinsAbsolute iron deficiencyChronic kidney diseaseDiagnostic testFunctional iron deficiencyGDF-15HepcidinIron deficiency anaemiaSouth AfricaUtilityValidity test

Identifiers

PMID32993549
PMCPMC7523312
OpenAlexW3089587406

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.