ReviewHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2021
Subcutaneous vaccine administration - an outmoded practice.
Review in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- What variables should inform needle length choice for deltoid intramuscular injection? A systematic review.BMJ open · 2023Pooled it
- Subcutaneous injections of cabotegravir plus rilpivirine long-acting in virally suppressed adults with HIV-1.AIDS (London, England) · 2025Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of a 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Japanese healthy infants: A Phase I study (V114-028).Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Trial
- Resistance by applied immunology: fabricated typhus epidemic as civil protection in occupied Poland during World War II.Infection · 2026Article
- Recombinant Dabie bandavirus as a bivalent vaccine platform inducing protective immunity against intracellular pathogens and cancer.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2026Article
- Harnessing pro-inflammatory and immunopathologic immune responses in urinary tract infections for vaccine development: it's all about a balance.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Needle length selection for intramuscular vaccine administration: Time for an evidence-based approach.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- Protein nanocages: A new frontier in mucosal vaccine delivery and immune activation.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Review
- Advances in the Functionalization of Vaccine Delivery Systems: Innovative Strategies and Translational Perspectives.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Tailoring mRNA lipid nanoparticles for antifungal vaccines.PLoS pathogens · 2025Review
- An injectable subcutaneous colon-specific immune niche for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.Nature biomedical engineering · 2024Article
- Stability of Protein Pharmaceuticals: Recent Advances.Pharmaceutical research · 2024Review
- Feasibility of Using a Type I IFN-Based Non-Animal Approach to Predict Vaccine Efficacy and Safety Profiles.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Alcaligenes lipid A functions as a superior mucosal adjuvant to monophosphoryl lipid A via the recruitment and activation of CD11b+ dendritic cells in nasal tissue.International immunology · 2024Article
- Intramuscular vs. Subcutaneous: Rethinking Influenza Vaccination Strategy in Japan.JMA journal · 2024Article
- Article
- mRNA vaccine designs for optimal adjuvanticity and delivery.RNA biology · 2024Review
- Characterization of anti-soybean agglutinin (SBA) IgY antibodies: a new strategy for neutralization of the detrimental biological activity of SBA.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Precision Vaccinology Approaches for the Development of Adjuvanted Vaccines Targeted to Distinct Vulnerable Populations.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- COVID-19 vaccination and the skin to deltoid MUSCLE distance in adults with diabetes.Vaccine: X · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Subcutaneous vaccine (SC) administration is an outmoded practice which complicates vaccine administration recommendations. Local adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) are a recognized determinant of vaccine hesitancy/refusal which can lead to an increased prevalence of vaccine-preventable disease.This extensive narrative review provides high-grade evidence that intramuscular (IM) administration of all vaccine types [adjuvanted, live virus and non-adjuvanted (inactivated whole cell, split cell and subunit)] significantly reduces the likelihood of local adverse events. This, combined with moderate grade evidence that IM injection generates significantly greater immune response compared with SC injection, allows a strong recommendation to be made for the IM injection of all vaccines except BCG and Rotavirus.This will simplify vaccination practice, minimize the inadvertent misadministration of vaccines and potentially improve public trust in vaccination.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.