ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2020
Genetic nurturing, missing heritability, and causal analysis in genetic statistics.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Robust genetic nurture effects on education: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on 38,654 families across 8 cohorts.American journal of human genetics · 2021Pooled it
- Separating direct, indirect, and parent-of-origin genetic effects in the human population.Cell genomics · 2026Article
- Multivariate maternal effects across the internalizing-externalizing spectrum in childhood: results from the Norwegian mother, father, and child cohort study.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Article
- A quantitative genetic model for indirect genetic effects and genomic imprinting under random and assortative mating.Genetics · 2026Article
- Generalized Stable Population and Agent-Based Models of Phenotypic Transmission in Human Populations, with an Application to Body Size.Human heredity · 2026Article
- Diet as a source of the non-direct genetic effects in metabolic traits: evidence from a family-based GWAS study.Human genetics · 2025Article
- Family-GWAS reveals effects of environment and mating on genetic associations.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Separating direct, indirect and parent-of-origin genetic effects in the human population.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Epigenetics and individuality: from concepts to causality across timescales.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2025Review
- The Genetics of Intelligence.Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2025Review
- Genes, culture, and scientific racism.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Using parent-offspring pairs and trios to estimate indirect genetic effects in education.Genetic epidemiology · 2024Article
- Interpreting population- and family-based genome-wide association studies in the presence of confounding.PLoS biology · 2024Article
- Estimation of indirect genetic effects and heritability under assortative mating.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Interpreting population and family-based genome-wide association studies in the presence of confounding.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Diversity and its causes: Lewontin on racism, biological determinism and the adaptationist programme.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2022Review
- Challenging the utility of polygenic scores for social science: Environmental confounding, downward causation, and unknown biology.The Behavioral and brain sciences · 2022Article
- Within-sibship genome-wide association analyses decrease bias in estimates of direct genetic effects.Nature genetics · 2022Article
- Genetic Risk for Smoking: Disentangling Interplay Between Genes and Socioeconomic Status.Behavior genetics · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Genetic nurturing, the effect of parents' genotypes on offspring phenotypes through parental phenotypic transmission, can be modeled in terms of gene-culture interactions. This paper first uses a simple one-locus, two-phenotype gene-culture cotransmission model to compute the effect of genetic nurturing in terms of regression of children's phenotypes on transmitted and nontransmitted alleles. With genetic nurturing, interpreting heritability and hence the meaning of "missing heritability" becomes problematic. Other factors, for example, population subdivision and assortative mating, generate similar signals to those of genetic nurturing, namely, correlation between parents' nontransmitted alleles and children's phenotypes. Corrections must be made for these to isolate the signal of genetic nurturing. Finally, a unified causal framework is constructed for genetic nurturing, population subdivision, and assortative mating. Causal and noncausal paths from transmitted and nontransmitted alleles to children's phenotypes are identified and investigated in the presence of genetic nurturing, population subdivision, and assortative mating. Using causal analysis, assumptions made in inferring direct and indirect effects are then clarified and evaluated in a broader causal context.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.